Kin 1132 / LL4 / Respiratory System

What structures are within the Upper-Airways?

• Nose

• Nasal Cavity 

• Pharynx 

What structures are within the Lower-Airways?

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs

(UPPER-AIRWAY); What is this?

Bony Framework

(UPPER-AIRWAY); What is this?

Cartilaginous Framework

How many pairs of the Nasal Conchae is visible from Anterior View?

2-Pairs

What are the functions of the Nasal Conchae / Mucous Membrane

• Increases surface area in internal nose

• prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation

• warms the air, blood in the capillaries

• MOISTENS THE AIR

• Traps dust particles

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Inferior Nasal Conchae

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Superior Nasal Conchae

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Middle Nasal Conchae

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

External Naris

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Nasal Septum

What does the Nasal Septum do?

• Vertical structure > divides the nasal cavity into right/left sides 

• Anterior part includes; primarily hyaline cartilage > REMAINDER formed by Vomer/Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid, Maxillae and Platine Bones 

What structure is this within the Nasal Septum?

Perpendicular Plate of ethmoid bone

What structure is this within the Nasal Septum

Septal Cartilage

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Vomer

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Frontal Bone

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Nasal Bone

What structure is this within the Nasal Cavity?

Palatine Process of Maxilla

What structure is this 

Oral Cavity

What structure is this

External Naris

What structure is this?

Palatine Process of Maxilla

What structure is this?

Palatine bone

In combination of two Structure, what is this landmark called?

Hard Palate

What structure is this?

Soft palate 

What structure is this?

Hard Palate

What structure is this? 

Uvula

What structure is this?

Opening of auditory tube

What structure is this within the Mouth?

Fauces

What structure is this?

Pharyngeal Tonsil

What structure is this?

Nasopharynx

What structure is this?

Oropharynx

What structure is this?

Laryngopharynx

What structure is this?

Lingual Tonsil

What structure is this?

Palatine Tonsil

What structure is this?

Hyoid bone

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Epiglottis

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Hyoid Bone

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Thyrhyoid membrane

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Thyroid Cartilage

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Circothyroid ligament

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Circoid Cartilage 

What structure is this within the Larynx? 

Tracheal Cartilage

What structure is this, within the Larynx - MEDIAL

Vestibular Fold (False Vocal Cord) 

What structure is this, within the Larynx - MEDIAL

Vocal Fold (True Vocal Cord) 

What is the main function of the Larynx?

• Small particles (eg; dust, smoke food, liquids) pas into larynx > cough reflex occurs > expelling material 

What is the main function of the Epiglottitis / Epiglottis Cartilage?

• Acts as a protective flap / closing over larynx (voice box) / trachea (windpipe) when swallowing, preventing food/liquid from entering respiratory system > DIRECTS TO (ESOPHAGUS)

• Attached to internal surface of thyroid cartilage 

Is the Thyroid Cartilage larger in males?

YES / far more prominent with Laryngeal Promience / Adam’s Apple  

What is the Cricoid Cartilage?

• Ring-like hyaline cartilage forming the INFERIOR WALL of Larynx

• Key landmark for emergency airway > usually in case of AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION 

What does the Thyrohyoid membrane do?

Connects thyroid cartilage > hyoid bone

What does the Cricothyroid Ligament do?

Connects the Thyroid Cartilage > Circoid Cartilage

Main functions of Tracheal Cartilage?

• C-SHAPED cartilage 

• OPEN-PART of C-SHAPE CARTILAGE RINGS > FACE POSTERIORLY > TOWARD ESOPHAGUS = FACILITATING COMFORTABLE / EFFIECNET SWALLOWING 

• C-Shaped Rings > provide semi-rigid support to maintain openesss’s > so tracheal walls don’t collapse inward > (esp during inhalation) / does not obstruct the air passageways 

Main function / structural comp of the Glottis?

Consists of pairs-of-folds of Mucous Membrane > Vocal Cords (true vocal cords) in Larynx / space between them called > Rima Glottides

Main function / structural comp of the Vocal Cords?

Inferior pair, of two pairs of folds of > Mucous Membrane Of Larynx 

• PITCH IS PROD / CONTROLLED BY TENSION / VIBRATION of VOCAL CORDS > higher pittches indicate vibration are more rapid 

What Structure is this?

Trachea

• Tubular passgaeway for AIR

• Located: ANTERIORLY to ESOPHAGUS / EXTENDS from larynx - superior border of 5th thoracic vertebra (t5) = DIVIDES INTO RIGHT/LEFT  PRIMARY BRONCHI 

What direction?

(Left is > RIGHT LUNG) (right is LEFT LUNG)

What Cavity is this?

Pleural Cavity

• Space between visceral / parietal pleura > space contains tiny amount of serous fluid > has two KEY FUNCTIONS:

• Serous Fluid > contiously lybericates plural surface = makes easy for them to slide over each other during inhalation/deflation

• Serous Fluid > gen surface tension > pulls the visceral / parietal pleura ADJACENT to each other = allows the throacic cavity to EXPAND during Inspiration

What structure is this within the Pleural Cavity?

Parietal Pleural

What structure is this within the Pleural Cavity?

Visceral Pleural

What structure is this within the Pleural Cavity?

Parietal Pleura

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Apex

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Superior Lobe

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Cardiac Notch

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Middle Lobe (ONLY WITHIN RIGHT LUNG)

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Inferior Lobe

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Base

What does the Cardiac Notch do?

• Concavity along Medial Border of LEFT LUNG = APEX OF HEART LIES 

What does the Left Lung have that the Right Lung doesn’t

• Consists of TWO-LOBES

• 10% smaller than RIGHT LUNG 

What does the Right Lung have that the Left Lung doesn’t

Consists of THREE-LOBES

THICKER/BROADER

What structure is this within the Medial View of the Lung?

Hilum / its contents (ROOTS)

What is the Hilum?

• Its a region, through which bronchi pulmonary blood vessles, lymphatic vessles / nerves ENTER/EXIT FROM

What is the Root?

GROUP OF STRUCTURES > (Bronchi, Pulmonary Blood Vessels, Lymphatic vessels, nerves) > EMERGE @ the Helium of EACH-LUNG

What structure is this within the Bronchi?

Carina

• This is where the Trachea branches into right/left main bronchi > LARGE TUBES / AIRWAYS > CONNECT OF EACH LUNG 

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Terminal Bronchiole

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Respiratory Bronchiole

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Alveolar Ducts

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Alveolar Sac

What structure is this within the Lungs?

Aleveoli

What structure is this?

Alveolus

What structure is this within the Alveolus?

Type II Alveolar Cell

• Fewer in number

• Secrete Pulmonary Alveolar Fluid > moistens surface between air / cells and contains Surfactant > reduces tendency of Pulmoary Alevoli to collapse > MAINTAINS THEIR PATENCY (OPENNESS)

What structure is this within the Alveolus

Type I Alveolar Cell

• 95% of alveolar cells are this

• FORM a nearly cont-lining of PULMONARY ALVEOLAR WALL

What structure is this within the Alveolus

Macrophage

• Removes fine Dust Particles / other Debris > within Pulmonary Alevolar Spaces 

How does the Bronchial Tree go in-order?

Trachea - Main Bronchi - Lobar Bronchi - Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles - Terminal Bronchioles (CONDUCTING ZONE)

Respiratory Bronchioles - Alveolar Ducts - Alveoli (RESPIRATORT ZONE) 

What Artery is this?

Bronchial Arteries

What Artery is this?

Superior Vena Cava

What Artery is this?

Azygos 

What Artery is this?

Accessory Hemiazygos

What Respiratory Muscle?

Sternocleidomastoid (Inhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

Scaleness (Inhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

External Intercostals (Inhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

Diaphragm (Inhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

Internal Intercostals (Exhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

External Oblique (Exhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

Internal Oblique (Exhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

Transverse Abdominis (Exhalation)

What Respiratory Muscle?

Rectus Abdominis (Exhalation)

The process of Gas Exchange?

R.Ventricle - P.Trunk - P.Arteries - p.Arterioles - P.Capillaries - P.Venules - P.Veins - L.Atrium

• Conducts blood ciruclation > for EXTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE > allowing body to take in O2 / EXPE: C02

• NOT RESPONSIBLE for nourishing lung tissue

What is the Process of Gas Exchange for Lung Tissue?

Left Ventricle - Aorta - (main portion) Bronchial Arteries - (sub-division; - lung tissue - right atrium) - (little portion) Lung Respirtory zone - (sub-division- pulmonary capillaries - left atrium)

• Provides blood supply to / responsible for NOURISHING LUNG TISSUE

• PART OF SYSTEMIC CIRUCLATION

What is Bronchopulmonary Arterial Anastomosis?

Unusual connection between pulmonary (heart - lung) / bronchial (lung - heart)

What is being worked upon during Inhalation / Eupnea? - (healthy breathing)

• Diaphragm (75%)

• External Intercostals (25%)

What is being worked upon during Strenuous Breathing?

Accessory Muscles:

• Sternocleidomastoid (RAISES STERNUM)

• Scalenes (PULLS up  RIBS 1/2)

• Pectoralis MINOR (PULLS up RIBS 3/5)

• Internal intercostals

As well

with; 

Abdominal Muscles

• Rectus Abdominis 

• Extermal/Internal abdominal obliques

• Transverse Abdominis