yay unit 2 so far yay hooray yay

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Cerebral Cortex

Ultimate control and info processing center

Glial Cells

Cells in nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons

May also play a role in learning and thinking

Frontal Lobes

Portion of cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead 

Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgment 

Parietal lobes 

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying

at the top of the head and toward

the rear; receives sensory input for

touch and body position.

Occipital lobes

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head

Includes areas that receive information from visual fields

Temporal lobes 

Portion of the cererbral cortec lying roughly above the ears

Includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from opposite ear 

Motor Cortex 

Area at rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement 

Sensory cortex

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body, touch and movement senses 

Association area

Areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions

They are included in higher mental functions like learning, remembering. thinking and speaking

Aphasia

Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or to Wernick’s area

Broca’s area

Controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernick’s area

Controls language reception- a brain are involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe 

Angular Gyrus

Region of the inferior partial lobe of the brain that is involved in the processing of auditory and visual input and in the comprehension of language

Plasitcity

The brains ability to change, especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage by building new pathways based on experience

Neurogenisis

The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

Corpus Callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

Split Brains

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

Right brain functions

creativity, artistry, intuition, imagination

Left brain functions

logic, science, sense of time, language

Lateralization

The tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other.

Michael Gazzaniga

A scientist best known for pioneering the study of the split-brain phenomenon by investigating how the two hemispheres of the brain communicate, and for his foundational work in cognitive neuroscience.

Roger Sperry

A scientist best known for his nobel-prize winning split brain research, based on how the two hemispheres of the brain have specialized functions.

Consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Cognitive Neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Dual Processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Endocrine system

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormone

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues.

Pituitary gland

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the _ regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Thyroid

Makes and releases certain hormones.

Adrenaline

increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, providing us with a surge of energy, known as the fight-or-flight response.

Estrogen

responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone

plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair

Pancreas

Your___ helps with digestion and releases hormones that regulate your blood sugar.

Testes

Secretes male sex hormones

Ovaries

Secretes female sex hormones

Nervous system

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

Somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

Sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

Sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

Reflex Arc

a neural pathway that allows for an involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus (?) 

Neural network

The name of the brain’s neurons clusters when in work groups (this description sucks im sorry)

Lesion

Tissue destruction, it is a

naturally or experimentally caused

destruction of brain tissue.

Phineas Gage

Man who got rod shot up through his left cheek and out the top of his skull, leaving his frontal lobes massively damaged. He was alright but his personality changed drastically.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves

of electrical activity sweeping

across the brain’s surface. These

waves are measured by electrodes

placed on the scalp.

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A visual display of brain activity that detects

where a radioactive form of glucose

goes while the brain performs a

given task.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. its scans show brain anatomy.

fMRI (functional MRI)

a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

its scans show brain function as

well as its structure.

Brainstem

The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; it is responsible for automatic survival functions.

Medulla

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat

and breathing.

Thalamus

the brain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory

receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Reticular formation

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Cerebellum

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions

include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

Limbic system

neural system (including the hippocampus,

amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with

emotions and drives.

Amygdala

Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in

the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via

the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps

process explicit memories for storage.

Biological Psychologists

Psychologists that study the links between biological (genetic, neutral, hormonal) psychological processes

Neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Synapse

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the revealing. The gap is called the

Multiple Sclerosis

Result of myelin sheaths degenerating- Communication to muscles slows with eventual loss of muscle control

Action Potential

A neutral impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Neurotransmitters 

Chemical Messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. Released by sending neuron, travels across the synapse, binds to reactor sites on receiving neuron

Acetylcholine (ACh)

-Enables muscle action, learning and memory

-With Alzheimer’s disease ____ producing neurons deteriorate 

Endorphins

“morphine within”- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure 

Substance P

Neuropeptide that functions as neurotransmitter, associated with transmission of pain signals and in influencing, emotional responses like stress and anxiety

Dopamine

• Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

• Oversupply = schitzophrenia 

• Undersupply = tremors, decreased mobility, in Parkinson disease

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

• Oversupply = Can overestimate brain producing migraines or seizures

Seratonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

• Undersupply linked to depression

Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness and awakens and arousal

• Undersupply can depress mood 

GABA

A major inhibitory transmitter

• Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia 

Resting Potential

Positive outside of cell, Negative inside of cell state

Depolarization

When a cells internal negative charge becomes less negative, shifting its membrane potential

Selective Permeability

When barrier is selective on what can pass through

Refractory Period

A period of inactivity after neuron has fired

Reuptake

A neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

Parkinsons Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and is caused by lack of dopamine

Agonist

A molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

Antagonist

A molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibitor blocks a response

Inhibitory

Neurotransmitter that decreases the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential

Excitatory

Neurotransmitter that increases likelihood of neuron firing an action potential