History all vocab

Globalization

The increasing connectedness of our world

Mercantilism

Economic theory in which countries depend on their exports and trade is one sided, goods are only exported

Comparative advantage

An economic theory by David Ricardo that states that your environment provides the ideal circumstance for production (creates specialized world)

multi-national companies

companies that span over many nations

the race to the bottom

an attempt to find the cheapest possible means of production through colonization and multi-national companies

trade balance

the difference between number of exports and imports

trade surplus

more exports than imports (good)

Trade deficits

import more than export (bad)

tariffs

taxes on foreign goods which lead to inflation

primogeniture

first born son inherits wealth

Culture

the way in which people live their lives: tradition, religion, food, language, ethnicity, etc.

The clash of civilizations

Samuel Huntington’s flawed theory that western and muslim nations can’t get along

ethnic conflict

conflict between two or more ethnic groups

Subsidy

financial aid given by the government to citizens to support a cause

quota

an amount due

Adam Smith

Laissez-Faire concept, writer of The Wealth of Nations

Laissez-Faire

Capitalism - “hands off” policy

Birth rate

the rate at which babies are born each year

infant mortality rate

rate at which babies survive to their first birthday

death rate

number of deaths each year

dependency ratio

persons who can legal work to those who can’t

types of migration

immigration, emigration, IDP, forced migration, voluntary migration

rural to urban migration

from country to city, for job opportunity, family, health, etc.

refugees

a person who has been forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or natural disaster

IDP

internally displaced person - a person in their own country with no home, a nation without a state

push/pull factors

factors that cause people to migrate. Push factors motivate the person to leave, pull factors motivate someone to go somewhere

Malthusian theories

human population needs food, and population will always keep growing

population policies

policies put in place to control or grow population

folk/popular culture

folk culture is passed down through generations and is local and rural. Pop culture is more widespread, more subject to change, and more urban

cultural traits

traits that define different cultures and make them stand out, like language, traditions, etc.

fundamentalism

a form of a religion that goes back to the most strict and original version, the literal interpretation of the scripture

geopolitics

how politics is influenced by geography

nation

a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, etc.

state

defined by specific borders and governed by one government

nationalism

the desire of a nation to become a state

nation-state

one state under one government that is all the same nation group (only one in existence, Iceland)

stateless people

a nation that does not have a state/place to call their own

failed/fragile state

states that are failing, or in danger of failing, with respect to economy or government

Birth Rate

the rate per year at which babies are born

Infant Mortality Rate

the rate at which babies survive through a certain period of time

Death Rate

how many people are dying in a place per year, often in comparison to birth rate

Dependency Ratio

the number of young and old people (dependent people) compared to the amount of people who can work (support the dependent people, 18-65 ages). Do you have enough working persons to support the non-working population.

Emigration

leaving a place

Immigration

entering a place

Voluntary Migration

leaving a place voluntarily/of free will

Involuntary migration

forced migration due to non-sustainable life

refugees

A type of displaced person, a person outside of their own country, usually under some kind of threat

internally displaced persons

a person who is displaced within their own country. 

rural to urban migration

from country to city because of

push factors

ex) lack of healthcare, war, bad climate, bad government - factors that force a person out of their original home (running from something)

pull factors

ex) a new climate, better healthcare, better education, job opportunities, stable government - a factor that brings a desire for a person to move to a new place (running to a place)

Malthusian Theories

Thomas Malthus, On the Issues of Population: 1) humans need food to survive 2) passion between men and women is constant; food will run out and planet will be overpopulated.

Population policies def.

Policies to restrict or boost the population in a place that need a change.

population policies ex.

restrictions on #of children (China)

financial support or incentive (Sweden) Reproductive rights vs. lack thereof

immigration policies

funding of healthcare/parental leave (USA only core to not have this)

things that Malthus ignored in theories

Didn’t consider contraceptives and rapid food production (advanced tech).

folk vs. popular cultures

folk culture is older and more traditional, popular culture is newer and changes more often based on people - folk culture is being wiped out more and more depending on area (mcworld type situation). Popular culture is more common in most industry type things

cultural traits

language, food, music, dress, fashion, etc. Traits that define what it means to be a member of a certain culture/group

fundamentalism

Extreme religion where the persons believe that the original way is the best way - the most extreme version of something. The strictest version, normally the least common (“true” original version) ex. Hamas in Palestine

geopolitics

ability of a state to control its territory, the ability of a state to control/manage relationships w/ other states

nation

nation is a group of people with the same culture/understanding

state

 a territory controlled by one government encompassed by borders

nation-state

a group of people with a shared cultural understanding (a nation) that becomes a state under one government (a state). A state that is also Nation. Only examples are The Vatican and Iceland

nationalism

a nation of people who want to be their own state/ruled by their own people

patriotism

contradictory trends of borders

 borders becoming more open, borders becoming more closed (border policy changes)

stateless people

People that have been driven out of their country and are living in another country and therefore not represented by any government, not allowed in their own country for some reason (ex. Rohingya, Soon to be Palestinians).

failed/fragile states

a state that can not control its borders/people

reasons for failure

corrupt gov., weak geopolitical state, civil unrest, natural disasters, environmental distress, environmental disasters, power hungry military