1900-Present APW

New modes of communication and transportation

Radio, telephone, cellphone, internet, automobile, airplane

Eliminated the problem of geographic distance

Impacts Green revolution

Increased agricultural production

Saved many third world countries from famine

Modernization and commercialization of agriculture

Energy technologies

Use of petroleum and nuclear power raised productivity

Changes to the Earths environment

Deforestation, desertification, water and air pollution, and humans competed over these resources

Release of greenhouse gases led to climate change

The demographic shifts caused by disease, scientific innovations and conflict

1. Disease associated with poverty (malaria, cholera, tuberculosis)

2. Longer life span increased certain diseases (Alzheimer’s, heart disease, diabetes)

3. Women had greater control with birth control

4. War time casualties increased because of new military technology, new tactics, and total war

Failing empires

1911 - Qing dynasty (Opium wars, Taiping and Boxer rebellion, spheres of influence failed self strengthening, Chinese civil war) turned into Republic founded by Sun Yat Sen

1917 - Russian Empire (Russian Revolution of 1917) turned into USSR

1922 - Ottoman Empire (WWI, failed Tanzimat reforms, Rise of Young Turks) turned into Turkey

1910-1920 Mexican Revolution (armed conflict and peasant rebellions)

Colonization between the world wars

Most European imperial states maintained control and sometimes gained additional territories, like Japan got German territories after WWI.

Colonization after WW2

Colonies negotiated for independence

India and Ghana

Nations fought for independence

Algeria, Vietnam, Kenya, Angola

Nationalist leaders who challenged imperial rule

Mohandas Ghandi, Ho Chi Minh, MLK, Steven Mandela, Kramer Nkrumah

Transnational movements

Communism, Pan Arabanism, and Pan Africanism united people across national boundaries

Migration

Migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles

States responses to economic challenges

Communist states - government control of economy and repressive policies (Great Leap Forward, 5 year plans)

Government took a more active role in economic life (New deal)

Newly independent states, governments also took an active role (Nassers promotion of Econ in Egypt)

AFTER COLD WAR: Free market policies (US under Reagan, Great Britain under Thatcher)

Growth of Institutions and global governance

League of Nations, UN, maintained world peace and facilitated cooperation.

Work trade Organization, World Bank, and IMF spread free market economies throughout the world

EU, NAFTA, were regional trade agreements

Economies in different regions by the late 20th century

Knowledge economies in the West

Production and manufacturing economies in Asia and Latin America

Global popular and consumer culture

Reggae, Bollywood, World Cup, Olympics

Documents to know

Balfour Declaration (British gave Jews land), Treaty of Versailles, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Declaration of Independence (Vietnam), Strategic arms limitation talks (Curbed Nuclear arms race)

Womens suffrage

Women got the right to vote in the 20th century

Cold war

Alliances - Warsaw pact and NATO

Proxy wars - Vietnam, Korea, Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Promoters: Violent movements and militarized states

Discouragers: Non Aligned movement, Mohandas Ghandi, Nelson Mandela

Causes of WW1 and Causes of WW2

Militarism

Alliances - Triple Entente and Triple Alliance

Imperialism

Nationalism

Grievances from WW1 - TOV, Germany guilt clause, Italy didn't get land

Imperialism - Japan, Italy, and Germany expanding

Rise of fascism - Mussolini, Hitler

Economic crisis - Great depression

Mass atrocities

Armenian Genocide (Ottomans sent Armenians on death marches)

The Holodomor (Stalin’s famine against Ukraine)

The Holocaust (Jews sent to death camps)

Rwandan genocide (Hutu slaughters Tutis)