ANT 207 Exam and Quiz 3

• What can doing historical archaeology tell us about the recent past? Why do it?

o Help shed light on the everyday lives of disenfranchised groups of people

o Provide a way to critically examine written history- setting the record straight

o Evaluate the nature of European colonialism and the development of capitalism

Historical Archaeology

the archaeological study of places for which written records exist

• visual documents

o maps (Captain John Smith's Map of Virginia)

o historical renderings (paintings, drawings, lithographs)

o fire maps

• textual documents

o family bibles

o probate inventories

o property deeds

o court records

o city directories

o tax records

o newspapers/magazines

o slave censuses

• features

physical structures in a site

• artifacts

objects found in a site

• middens

refuse/trash pile

Military Site-

tell us about the lives of soldiers and how figthing impacted cultures.

Domestic Site-

the most common; tell us about everyday life through houses, barns, smokehouses, outhouses (privies), wells, cisterns, icehouses, fences, and other features

Special Use Site-

Burial Site-

human remains relate information on a populations overall health.

Industrial Site-

tell us about the work conditions of disenfranchised groups.

Ashland-Belle Helene Sugarhouse

• terminus post quem

o The date after which a stratum or feature must have been deposited or created

• Probate inventories

Textual Documents- lists of all the possessions a person had at the time of their death

Used to:

•Investigate the correlation between written and archaeological evidence

•Assist in site interpretations

• Slave censuses

textual documents, done by plantation and were recorded state-wide, county-wide, and city-wide.

**This tells us the population of slaves in an area.

Property Deeds

records of who owned what land when.

Tax and Court Records

tell us about who

• Privies

Out house

• Cisterns

Used to store water

• Gunflints

Can be found a military sites in the 1700s

• Battlefield archaeology

The study of an archaeological site where military action occurred

• Little Bighorn National Battlefield

Originally named Custer Battlefield, marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War.

A memorial to honor the fallen Cheyenne, Lakota, and Arapaho warriors

• Mulberry Row

o The main house

o Lined by 19 buildings- the houses and workshop of Jefferson's slaves

o The main residents were house servants and artisans

**This site tells us about the lives of slaves.

• African Burial Ground

o Located in New York

o In the eighteenth century the burial of African Americans was prohibited in Manhattan churchyards

o The African population established their own burial ground just outside the city

o Covers about 5 city blocks

**Serves as an example of how archaeology can recover "lost" history

• kinds of 'Special Purpose' sites

o Santa Catalina de Guale

• Church site with mass underground grave

• HABS

o Historic American Buildings Survey

o Nation's largest archive of historic architectural, engineering, and landscape documentation

• HAER

o Historic American Engineering Record

o Nation's largest archive of historic architectural, engineering, and landscape documentation

• Diego Rivera

o Muralist who did "Conquest of Mexico," a historical rendering

**Shows how historical archaeology depicts the nature of european colonism and the development of capitalism.

• Sanborn maps

o Fire insurance maps

o Late 19th century

o Urban areas (cities)

**Tell us about the development or use of an area over a number of years.

• Brunswick Town, NC

o Domestic site; shows historic ceramic types and dates.

• Fort Mose

o Military site in Florida with gunflints

o Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose

• Jamestown

military site; an area of disturbed soil revealed a 5ft deep cellar and the fort's first well. 200,000 artifacts were found from a dig including writing tablets, items that prove trade was happening, horse and dog remains, and tobacco pipe stems.

• Santa Catalina de Guale

o St. Catherine's Island, Georgia

o Old church

o Mass grave under the church

o Many osteological health indicators found on the bones: enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, histological section of porotic hyperostosis

• Cultural Resource Management

o The business of doing archaeology in the US

o An approach to learning about and protecting our nation's cultural heritage

o Driven by US Federal and state legislation

• Cultural Resources

o Physical features, natural and artificial, associated with human activity, including sites, structures, and objects possessing significance in history, architecture, or human development

• Urban renewal (1950s & 1960s)

o A program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use

• Antiquities Act (1906)

o First act in place to protect archaeological sites

• National Historic Preservation Act (1966)

o Created NRHP, SHPOs & ACHP

• Section 106

o Key component of National Historic Preservation Act

o Most archaeology that's been conducted in the United States in the past 45 years is because of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

• Archaeological Resources Protection Act (1979)

o Protects federal properties

• State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO)

o State government agency responsible for protecting of historic properties and sites

• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)

o Passed in 190, this act:

• 1. Protects Indian graves on federal and tribal lands

• 2. Recognizes tribal authority over the treatment of unmarked graves

• 3. Prohibits the commercial selling of native dead bodies

• 4. Requires an inventory and repatriation of human remains held by the federal government and institutions that receive federal funding

• 5. Requires these same institutions to return inappropriately acquired sacred objects and other important communally owned property to native owners

• 6. Sets up a process to determine ownership of human remains found on federal and tribal property after November 16, 1990

• Advisory Council on Historic Preservation ACHP

o Promotes the preservation, enhancement, and sustainable use of our nation's diverse historic resources, and advises the President and the Congress on national historic preservation policy.

• Area of Potential Effect

o The area that will directly and indirectly affected by a construction project

o Sometimes includes not only areas affected by construction, but also areas seen from it

• Phase I

o Initial testing and identification phase of work

o Done to determine if cultural materials are present in the area of potential effects APE

o Done to prelimterm-50inarily determine the temporal placement of the site, the site's stratigraphy, and the depositional integrity

o Surface survey- shovel testing, auger testing, probing

• Phase II

o National Register of Historic Places eligibility testing

o Done to determine the potential for site(s) within the APE to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Here the archaeologist makes conclusive determinations of the depositional integrity of the site's stratigraphy.

• Phase III

o Mitigation through Data Recovery

o Full excavation of site(s) within the APE

• Depositional Integrity

Quality of the removal process of an object

• Request for Proposals

Request for private CRM forms from companies/firms

• National Register of Historic Places

o If federal money is used at all in construction, the cultural resources work must investigate before the work begins