terrorism class lmao

Abrahms, Max

Postulated that terrorism succeeds when it has limited goals:
- evict foreign occupier
- secure limited territorial or political concessions

Terrorism fails when groups adopt maximalist objectives by killing civilians —> implies “no ability to reason” and spurs violent response

Action Directe

French radical leftist organization, participated in molotov attacks

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade

Fatah-sponsored terrorist group to compete with Hamas during 2nd Intifada

Al-Qaeda

“The base,’ Osama bin Laden’s terrorist group that planned and executed 9/11

Al-Qaeda in Iraq

Al-Qaeda offshoot that eventually evolved into ISIS

Waged war against Shias and Coalition forces in Iraq

Alexander II

Assassinated by Narodnaya Volya, major example of revolutionary regicide

Anarchism

Opposed the state and other established institutions, major motivation for terrorism in late 18th early 19th century

Tactical success, but total strategic failure

Antifa

Far left antifacist movement, not necessarily an “organization”

Yasser Arafat

Former terrorist leader who eventually became leader of Pal. authority, negotiated deal at Oslo

Assassins (Nizari Ismailis)

Shiite kingdom that assassinated political enemies using secretive operatives

Motivated by religious goals; exemplify ‘religious terrorism’

Scott Atran

‘Devoted actors,’ hypothesized that terrorists operate on principles of right and wrong to support the group

Attrition

One of the five types of terrorist signaling

Signaling to enemy your own strength, resolve, and ability to impose costs on the enemy

Aum Shinrikyo

That weird japanese cult that did the saran gas attacks in the 90s

Red Army Faction

German leftist organization allied with PLO

Bombings, robberies, kidnappings

Balfour Declaration

Public statement by British government that endorsed zionism

Osama bin Laden

Leader of al-Qaeda, 9/11

Birth of a Nation

Racist, white supremacist film screened by Woodrow Wilson in White House

Black and Tans

Irregular British forces who fought the IRA during the Irish war of independence

Committed many acts of violence against Irish civilians

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group responsible for death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Black September

Palestinian militant group responsible for 1972 Munich bombing

Blowback

Related to drone strikes; concept that drone strikes can potentially radicalize friends or family of targets afflicted

Anders Breivik

Norwegian white supremacist responsible for popularizing replacement theory

Committed Utoya massacre

Cabonari

Secret revolutionary society in Italy

Christian Identity Movement

19th century white supremacist movement, belief that White europeans were true descendants of ancient Israelites and that Jesus will come to usher in white dominated kingdom

Civilian Non-Combatant Immunity

The principle that noncombatants generally have immunity during warfare

Michael Collins

The GOAT, leader of IRA during War for Independence, assassinated during Civil War

Costly Signaling

Kydd proposes that terrorism is a form of this

Dar al-Harb

Land of Conflict; the world outside of Islam

Dar al Islam

Land of Islam, land of peace

Devoted Actor

Atran’s theory that terrorists engage in costly violence to protect “scared values” of their group or identity

Enosis

Political union of Cyprus and Greece

ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)

Spanish nationalist group advocating for Basque independence

FARC

Communist group which funded revolution through drug trafficking and kidnappings; became an official political party in 2016

Fatah

Yasser Arafat’s nationalist liberation organization

Fedayeen

“Those who sacrifice themselves,” general term utilized by Islamist militants

Fenians

Early Irish nationalist group, assassinated Thomas Burke in 1882

Foreign-Imposed Regime Change

Any instance in which an intervening state imposes a new leader, government, or regime in an existing state

Fortna

Hypothesized that groups are less likely to achieve when they use terrorism, which signals maximalist objectives and kills negotiations

Fourteen Words

Written by David Lane, advocated for replacement theory and “securing the future for white people”

Luigi Galleani

Italian anarchist leader in U.S, advocated for propaganda of the deed,

Gerges

Wrote about ISIS, finish later

The Great Replacement

Manifesto from Christchurch shooter Brenton Tarrant, purported idea that non-white birthrates are overtaking white birthrates; will result in decline in white majority

Gunpowder Plot

Guy Fawkes’ Catholic plot to detonate a bomb underneath Parliament

Hamas

Palestinian terrorist organization, responsible for 2nd Intifada and Oct. 7th

Haymarket Affair

1886 clash between striking laborers and police that turned deadly, police thought to have been bombed by anarchist terrorists

Hezbollah

Lebanese terrorist organization connected to Iran, responsible for 1983 Marine Barracks bombing

Homeland Defense Game

Governments essentially must make terrorists indifferent between two target choices, so there is no obvious choice for attack

Ted Honderich

Postulated that terrorism is a “tool of the weak,” can be justified in instances of liberation, civilian aspect of terrorism is nonunique form of pol. violence

Identity Fusion

Individuals belong to larger groups and make means-ends calculations when thinking in group unit

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

Goofball terrorist organization tied to Macedonian state, earliest example of state-sponsored terrorism

IRA

Michael Collins’ militant group during War for Independence, later became Provincial IRA

Irgun

Most prolific Zionist terrorist group, masterminded King David Hotel bombing

ISIS

Islamist group which attempted to establish a Islamist caliphate in Iraq and Syria

Established government and harsh Islamic law in territories they captured

Jihad

“Struggle”

Greater Jihad

Internal struggle to be a good Muslim

Lesser Jihad

Struggle against enemies of Islam

Jim Crow

A period of American history defined by racist segregation and systematic oppression of Black people, especially in the South.

JSOC

Founded in 1980, responsible for organizing and commanding various Spec Ops raids

KKK

White supremacist terrorist group founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest, responsible for terrorizing Black people during three distinct periods of U.S history

Law

Author of the Law books!

Leaderless Resistance

Far-right ideology for maintaining resistance w/ few supporters, advocates for “lone wolf” terrorism and avoiding any exposure to gov. or counter terror orgs.

Bernard

Hypothesized that the decline of Islam was due to their failure to modernize and adopt Western innovations

Lois Scélérates (Villainous Laws)

Anti-Anarchist French laws

Lynching

Public, mob hanging of an individual; common scare tactic used during Jim Crow by KKK

Meisels

Purported that violations of civilian combat immunity by terrorists can never be justified

Assaf Moghadam

Hypothesized that suicide bombing is primarily perpetuated by Salafi Jihadists

Molly Maguires

Alleged secret society of Irish-American coal miners who supposedly committed acts of violence

Johann Most

Popularized phrase “propaganda of the deed”

Mueller, John & Stewart, Mark

Found that U.S counterterror spending is overblown, would need to stop 333 terrorist attacks to be “worth it”

Muslim Brotherhood

Islamic society founded in 1928 Egypt, re-emerged in Arab Spring to lead many revolutions

Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will)

Russian rev-socialist organization which assassinated Tsar Alexander II

Nationalism

“Imagined community,” identifying with one’s nation

Oath Keepers

Modern far-right militia, believe mil. and law enforcement should not obey Democratic leaders, responsible for leading J6

The Order

White supremacist group which murdered Alan Berg, robbed banks in PNW

Oslo Accords

1993 peace plan which defined borders between Israeli and Palestinian territory; resolution closest to bringing 2 state solution

Outbidding

Terrorist signaling strategy wherein terrorists signal resolve to their own population as “true representatives” of the people via more extreme attacks than moderate forces

Palmer Raids

Series of anti-anarchist raids designed to capture and deport communists and anarchists in the wake of Palmer’s bombing

Pape

Hypothesized suicide terrorism works 50% of time, used against occupying democratic forces to get them to withdraw

Piazza

Hypothesized that women’s rights growth and Democratic control of gov. is linked with an increase in right-wing terrorism

Pieds-Noris

“Black feet,” French or European people born in Algeria

PFLP

Palestinian nationalist group that pioneered airplane hijacking

PLO

Militant wing of Fatah

Enoch Powell

“Rivers of Blood,” far-right anti-immigrant British PM

Propaganda of the Deed

Anarchist ideal that purported that violence for violence’s sake would awaken “revolutionary spirit of the people”

Proud Boys

Far-right white supremacist militia who also led J6

Sayyid Qutb

Egyptian teacher who later became Islamist ideologue; justified rebellion against West via Takfir

Rapoport

4 waves of terrorism guy

Red Brigades

Italian left-wing terrorist group, kidnapped and killed former prime minister of Italy in 1978

Red Scare (1917-2920)

Period of anti-anarchist and communist crackdowns by the U.S government

Reign of Terror

Origin of the term “terrorism,” a period in which the French revolutionary state used repeated violence against civilians to foster a national identity

Replacement Theory

White supremacist ideology; the belief that POC will one day overtake and outnumber white people in society

Ruby Ridge

Shootout between ATF and Randy Weaver that resulted in the death of his wife & kids; became far-right rallying cry

Salafism

Fundamentalist Islamist movement

Second Intifada

Period of violence between Israel and Hamas in 2000-2005, marked by suicide bombings.

Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

Peruvian Communist party, waged guerilla warfare campaign against government until capture of leader in 1992

Sicarii

Ancient Jewish terrorist organization that attacked and assassinated Roman leaders; often regarded as “first terrorists”

Spoiling

Terrorist tactic wherein extremists attack one side while moderates are negotiating, thus ruining chances of peace

Stern Gang

Israeli nationalist terrorist group active during WW2, continued attacks on British after other groups decided not to

Sykes-Picot Agreement

The secret 1916 deal between France and British to divide up the Middle East

Takfir

The declaration that another is not a true Muslim, and therefore can be attacked