Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli (Exam 2)

Bacillus species are found in ______ and are mostly saprophytic.

nature

Bacillus species are isolated as ______.

contaminants

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis is the agent of ______, a disease in livestock.

anthrax

Humans can contract anthrax through what methods?

- Wound contamination

- Inhalation

- Ingestion

Anthrax specimen collection

Inhalation: use ______

Cutaneous: use ______

Gastrointestinal: use ______

Inhalation: use sputum and blood

Cutaneous: use vesicles and eschar

Gastrointestinal: stool and blood

Does Bacillus anthracis exhibit motility?

No

Bacillus anthracis is catalase ______.

positive

Gram stain characteristics of Bacillus anthracis

- Large, square-ended rods

- Gram positive

- "Bamboo appearance"

What is unique about Bacillus anthracis gram staining?

They have unstained spores in the cells

When Bacillus anthracis cells are stained from blood, they are _______ and don't have ______.

encapsulated, spores

Bacillus anthracis is ______ hemolytic on blood agar.

non

Bacillus anthracis colonies look like ...

- Raised

- Large

- Gray/white

- Irregular

- Beaten egg white look

On blood agar, Bacillus anthracis exhibits ______.

"stickiness"

Can Bacillus anthracis grow on PEA?

No

Does Bacillus anthracis exhibit gelatin hydrolysis?

No

Bacillus anthracis is ______ to penicillin.

susceptible

Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus is implicated in ______.

food poisoning (diarrheal or emetic)

Bacillus cereus infections occur in ______ hosts.

immunosuppressed

Eye infections, meningitis, septicemia, osteomyelitis

Bacillus cereus is found as a contaminant in ______.

drug paraphernalia

Bacillus cereus exhibits ______ hemolysis on blood agar.

beta

Bacillus cereus ______ (has/doesn't have) motility.

has

Bacillus cereus are not found in ______.

"chains"

Can Bacillus cereus grow on PEA?

Yes

Bacillus cereus is ______ to penicillin.

resistant

The genus Listeria are what shape?

Coccobacilli/small rods

Listeria are Gram ______ and may be pleomorphic and ______.

positive, palisade

Listeria is part of the ______ of many hot and cold blooded animals.

normal flora

Listeria is found on ______ and in ______.

vegetables/plants, fresh water

______ is the clinically significant species of Listeria.

Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria is found in ______, and can survive in ______ temperatures.

food (processed meats, dairy products, sprouts, melons), low

What demographics does Listeria primarily affect?

- Pregnant women (miscarriages, still birth)

- Young children

- Older adults >65

- Immunocompromised

Listeria is intracellular and ______.

flagellated

Listeria polymerizes ______, moving within and between cells.

actin

Listeria can cause ______.

diarrhea/vomiting

Invasive Listeriosis occurs when Listeria ...

leaves the GI tract

(fever, muscle aches, fatigue, AMS, headache, neurological deficits)

What specimens are tested for Invasive Listeriosis?

Blood and CSF

Listeria is ______ hemolytic and catalase ______.

beta, positive

Listeria exhibits ______ motility at 25C, with tumbling motility in broth culture.

umbrella

Listeria is bile esculin ______.

positive

Listeria is H2S on TSI ______ and CAMP test ______.

negative, positive (matchstick shape)

Listeria colonies

What are the categories of catalase positive Gram positive rods?

- Extensive branching

- Rudimentary branching

- Motile

- None of the above

What catalase positive Gram positive rods are within the "extensive branching" category?

- Nocardia

- Rhodococcus

- Rothia

- Actinomyces

- Rapidly growing Mycobacterium

What catalase positive Gram positive rods are within the "rudimentary branching" category?

- Actinomyces

- Oerskovia

- Rothia

What catalase positive Gram positive rods are within the "motile" category?

- Oerskovia

- CDC gps A3/4/5

- C. aquaticum

What catalase positive Gram positive rods are within the "none of the above" category?

Corynebacterium

Rhodococcus equi is found in ______.

soil

Rhodococcus equi causes ______ in immunocompromised patients with impaired ______ mediated immunity (HIV, immunosuppressive therapy).

pneumonia, cell

Rhodococcus equi is intracellular, inhibiting ______ fusions.

phagosome-lysosome

Rhodococcus equi colonies

Rhodococcus equi can grow on ______ and ______ agar only.

blood, chocolate

Rhodococcus equi is a Gram positive ______ coccobacillus.

aerobic

Rhodococcus equi is partially ______ and catalase ______.

acid-fast, positive

Rhodococcus equi produces a ______ pigment in young cultures and ______ in older cultures.

salmon/pink, red

Oerskovia are opportunistic and found in ______.

soil

Oerskovia exhibits ______ filaments that fragment into coccobacilli on long incubation.

branching

Oerskovia produces ______ colonies, and is usually ______.

bright yellow, motile

Oerskovia hydrolyzes ______.

esculin

Oerskovia are not partially ______.

acid-fast

Oerskovia

Oerskovia colonies

Nocardia are typically Gram positive, ______ and branched.

filamentous

Nocardia is considered to be ______ soil organisms.

saprophytic

Nocardia is an aerobic ______.

actinomycete

Nocardia

Nocardia colonies

Nocardia can cause infection via ______ or the ______.

inhalation, skin

Chronic Nocardia infection resembles ______.

TB

Nocardia are branching Gram positive rods that may be ______.

coccoid

Nocardia are catalase and urease ______.

positive

Nocardia are partially acid fast, and can be stained via ______ method.

Modified Kinyoun

______ can be used as the sole carbon source for Nocardia.

Paraffin

Nocardia grows better at ______ CO2.

10%

Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium is clinically significant if it is a predominant or co-predominant organism in what specimens?

- Sputum

- Wound or abscess

- Normal sterile site

Corynebacterium is also significant when it is found in ______ or more blood culture bottles, or at certain ______ as the only/predominant isolate in urine culture.

2+, concentrations

Corynebacterium diphtheriae generally begins in the ______ with a mild sore throat and low grade fever.

tonsils/pharynx

Corynebacterium diphtheriae rapidly spreads in ______ cells.

epithelial

Toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae release a toxin locally causing tissue ______, exudate and an inflammatory response.

necrosis

A combination of cell necrosis and exudate forms a ______ in the throat.

pseudomembrane

For Corynebacterium diphtheriae to cause diphtheria, an ______ must be produced.

exotoxin

Corynebacterium diphtheriae can be tested from what specimens?

Nose, throat, nasopharyngeal or wound swabs

Corynebacterium diphtheriae can be isolated on what agars?

- Cysteine-tellurite (black colonies)

- Loeffler's

- Tinsdale

The ______ test can be used for definitive Corynebacterium diphtheriae identification.

Elek

The capsule of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is made of ______.

protein

Corynebacterium diphtheriae colonies

Corynebacterium jeikeium is an etiological agent of serious infections among ______ and ______ patients.

hospitalized, immunocompromised

Corynebacterium jeikeium is catalase ______, and urease/nitrate ______.

positive, negative

Corynebacterium jeikeium is susceptible to ______.

vancomycin

Corynebacterium urealyticum is associated with ...

- UTIs

- Cystitis

- Pyelonephritis

- Nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia

Infection with Corynebacterium urealyticum produces ______ urine and promotes struvite formation.

alkaline

Corynebacterium urealyticum is slow growing, so is usually missed on ______.

urine cultures

Corynebacterium urealyticum is susceptible to ______ and ______.

vancomycin, quinolones

Rothia dentocariosa is known to cause _______ and ______.

oral abscesses, endocarditis

Rothia dentocariosa has ______ as a cell wall component.

fructose

Rothia dentocariosa is coccoid, branching after several ______ of incubation.

days

Rothia dentocariosa is catalase and VP ______ and lactose ______.

positive, negative