AP Bio Test 1 review

Capitalized words as the term are the Key Words.

an element is

A basic building block of cell matter

Democritus keyed the term

atom

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. All of an element’s atoms are identical

2. Atoms in an element are never gained or lost by chemical means

3. All materials of the same kind are made from the same ratios of an atom

What is a fact

an observation, an idea well supported to be assumed true

Laws

Series of observation

Theory

The best explanation of a set of observations

Electron

Negative charge, ~0 AMU

Proton

Positive charge, ~1 AMU

Neutron

No charge, ~1 AMU

Ions

Atoms with more or fewer electrons than protons

Isotope

An atom with more neutrons than the base model

Valance Energy Level

The outermost lever that holds electrons

Octet Rule

Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in the outermost level

Ionic bond

2 or more elements transfer electrons & electromagnetic bonds

Covalent bond

Two atoms share electrons to create a bond

what is electronegativity

Tendency of an atom to attract electrons

what is a Polar Covalent Bond (& Polarity)

Electrons shared unevenly must have: highly electronegative atom (N, O, F, or Cl) and be Asymmetric

what is Cohesion

Molecules of a substance sticking to eachother

what is Addhesion

when 2 different substances stick together

what are Van der Wall forces

a weak attraction due to shifting electrons

what is Dissociation

when hydrogens are seperated in water

what is a Solution

2 or more substances in a single homogeneous state

what is Concentration

measure of solutes in solvent

what is an Acid

any substance that adds H+ to a solution or proton donor

what is a Base

any substance that removes H+ from a solution or proton acceptor

what are Isomers

same chemical formula but different structures

what’s an Alkane Chain

simple hydrocarbon chains with only single bonds

Alkyl Chains are

Branches on a hydrocarbon chain

Alkene are a

hydrocarbon with >= 1 double bond

Alkyne have

A hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond

what are Functional Groups

side chains on hydrocarbons that change the chemical & physical attributes

what does Alcohol do to a hydrocarbon

adds polarity and hydrogen bonds

what do Ethers do

adds polarity

an Aldehyde will cause

polarity based on length of the chain

a Carboxylic Acid will

gives a charge or extreme polarity

Ketone adds polarity based on

length

Ester is a 

smell or taste compound that will add polarity

an Amine Group is a

group that will add basicity and polarity

what is a cycloalkane

an alkane wrapped in a circle

Carbohydrates are

sugars

Monomers are

the building blocks for macromolecules

Polymers are

repeating sets or subunits of the monomer

Monosaccharides are

simple 1 monomer sugars

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Disaccharides are

2 of the monosaccharides put together through dehydration

Dehydration is the process in which

is building bigger molecules and removing water from the  macromolecules

what does Hydrolysis do

adds water to break down bigger macromolecules

carbohydrates are Used for

Fuel/Energy

Energy Storage

Structure

what is Glycogen

Complex, branded, glucose chains

Chitin is

sugar built with nitrogen

Protein’s monomers are

Amino Acids

what are proteins Uses

Structure

Rebuilding

Facilitate chemical reactions

Levels of Protein structures

Primary - Sequence of amino acids

Secondary - Amino acids begin to hydrogen bond

Tertiary - Overall folding of the protein chain

Quaternary - When several peptide chains join together

Nucleic Acids are used for

information storage

RNA is

single stranded

DNA is

double-stranded and in a double helix

Fats are used for

Warmth

Cushioning

Long-Term Energy Storage

Cell Structure

Hormones