A&P QUIZ 3 STUDY GUIDE - Brain Regions and Functions

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Flashcards covering key anatomical structures and their functions within the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum, extracted from A&P Quiz 3 study guide notes.

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80 Terms

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Cerebrum: Cortex

Superficial layer of gray matter (1.5-4.5mm).

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Cortex Major Functions

Conscious thought, memory storage/processing, sensory processing, skeletal muscle control.

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Cerebrum Hemispheres

Left and right parts of the cerebrum.

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Basal Nuclei

Subconscious control of skeletal muscle.

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Basal Nuclei (Movement)

Coordinates learned movement patterns by providing general rhythm/pattern.

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Basal Nuclei (Axons)

Link cerebral cortex to diencephalon and brainstem.

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Basal Nuclei (Direct Control)

Stimulates motor nuclei in the brainstem.

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Basal Nuclei (Indirect Modification)

Sends output to the cerebral cortex after synapsing in the thalamus.

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Ataxia (Parkinson's)

Caused by increased basal nuclei activity.

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Diencephalon

Contains the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.

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Thalamus

Major relay station for almost all sensory information coming into the cortex for regional processing.

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Thalamus (Sensory Relay)

Final relay for ascending sensory information being projected to the cerebral cortex.

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Lateral Geniculate Body

Receives visual information from the optic tract and sends signals to the midbrain and occipital lobe.

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Medial Geniculate Nucleus

Relays auditory information from inner ear receptors to appropriate areas in the cerebral cortex.

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Hypothalamus

Involved in emotion, fear, awareness, autonomic function, and hormone production.

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Fight or Flight (Hypothalamus)

Production of epinephrine.

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Brainstem

Contains the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata.

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Midbrain

Processes visual and auditory information and controls reflexes triggered by them.

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Midbrain (Consciousness)

Maintains consciousness.

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Midbrain (Motor Patterns)

Can direct complex motor patterns at subconscious levels.

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Superior Colliculus

Receives visual input from the thalamus and controls reflex movements for eyes, head, neck.

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Inferior Colliculus

Receives auditory input from the medulla oblongata and pons and controls reflex movements of the head, neck, trunk.

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Conditioned area where stimulation increases alertness and attentiveness.

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Primary Stimulus to RAS

Light.

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Pons

Contains tracts and relay centers; involved in somatic & visceral motor control.

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Pons (Autonomic Functions)

Contains nuclei/centers regulating vital autonomic functions.

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Medulla Oblongata (Sensory)

Relays autonomic sensory signals to visceral motor complexes.

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Medulla Oblongata (Functions)

Regulates many autonomic functions, including sympathetic & parasympathetic responses.

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Cerebellum

Fine tunes skeletal motor commands and vestibular info for balance & movement coordination.

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Cerebellum (Motor Patterns)

Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns.

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Cerebellum (Processing Center)

Automatic processing center.

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Cerebellum (Monitoring Sensations)

Monitors proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations.

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Cerebellum (Postural Muscles)

Adjusts postural muscles by modifying activities of brainstem centers.

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Purkinje Cells

Highly branched dendritic cells in the cerebellum, relaying motor commands.

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Ataxia (Cerebellum)

Results from cerebellum damage or impairment.

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Frontal Lobe

Contains the Primary motor cortex, Premotor cortex, and Prefrontal lobe.

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Primary Motor Cortex (Dark Red)

Controls voluntary movements by controlling motor neurons in the brainstem/spinal cord.

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Premotor Cortex (Red)

Somatic motor association area that coordinates learned movement.

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Prefrontal Lobe (Purple)

Used for intellectual functions.

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Parietal Lobe

Contains the Primary somatosensory area and Somatosensory association area.

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Primary Somatosensory Area (Dark Green)

Receives sensory information from receptors for touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature.

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Somatosensory Association Area (Green)

Monitors activity in the primary cortex and recognizes different sensations.

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Occipital Lobe

Contains the Primary vision area and Visual association areas.

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Primary Vision Area (Dark Orange)

Receives visual information from lateral geniculate bodies.

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Visual Association Areas (Light Orange)

Monitors activity and patterns in the visual cortex and interprets visual information.

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Temporal Lobe (Light Blue)

Contains the primary auditory area and auditory association area.

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Primary Auditory Area

Monitors auditory information.

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Auditory Association Area

Interprets activity in the auditory cortex and recognizes different sounds.

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Broca’s Area

Motor speech area to determine speech pattern responses; involved in speech production.

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Broca’s Area Location

Primarily in the left cerebral hemisphere, regulating patterns of breathing and vocalization.

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Wernicke's Area

Involved in language comprehension and reading.

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Wernicke's Area Location

Primarily in the left cerebral hemisphere, receives information and coordinates access to visual and auditory memories.

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Gustatory Cortex (Taste)

Located in the insula, receives information from taste receptors.

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Insula

Deep region containing the gustatory cortex.

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Brainstem (Visceral Reflexes)

Primary area for visceral reflexes like managing blood pressure and breathing.

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Fight and Flight Response (Location)

Primarily managed by the hypothalamus of the diencephalon.

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Thalamus (Relay Center)

The relay center or switchboard for incoming information, sending it to correct areas.

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Cerebellum & Basal Nuclei (Coordination)

Areas for coordination of complex somatic motor responses (skeletal muscle) and balance.

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Basal Nuclei (Basic Cues)

Provides basic cues for movements like crawling, walking, then running.

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Cerebellum (Learning)

Special area for learning through practice, such as running faster.

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Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres.

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Gray Matter (Cortex Properties)

Superficial layer of the cerebrum, responsible for conscious thought and processing.

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Conscious Thought

A major function of the cerebral cortex, involving awareness and reasoning.

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Memory Storage and Processing

Key functions performed by the cerebral cortex.

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Sensory Processing

The cerebral cortex's role in interpreting sensory information.

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Skeletal Muscle Control (Cortex Involvement)

A major function of the cerebral cortex, initiating voluntary movements.

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Parkinson's Disease Ataxia

A form of ataxia specifically linked to increased basal nuclei activity.

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Visual Information Processing (Midbrain Role)

A function of the midbrain, integrating visual input and coordinating reflexes.

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Auditory Information Processing (Midbrain Role)

A function of the midbrain, integrating auditory input and coordinating reflexes.

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Complex Motor Patterns (Subconscious)

Motor patterns directed at subconscious levels by the midbrain.

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Reticular Nucleus (Pons)

A portion of the reticular formation found in the pons.

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Vital Autonomic Functions (Pons Regulation)

Regulated by specific nuclei and centers located in the pons.

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Sympathetic Responses (Medulla Oblongata Role)

Regulated by the medulla oblongata, part of the autonomic nervous system.

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Parasympathetic Responses (Medulla Oblongata Role)

Regulated by the medulla oblongata, part of the autonomic nervous system.

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Proprioceptive Sensations

Body position and movement sensations monitored by the cerebellum.

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Balance Sensations

Sensations related to equilibrium and posture, monitored by the cerebellum.

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Voluntary Movements (Primary Motor Cortex)

Actions consciously initiated and controlled by the primary motor cortex.

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Learned Movement Coordination (Premotor Cortex)

The function of the premotor cortex in coordinating established motor skills.

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Intellectual Functions (Prefrontal Lobe)

Higher cognitive processes such as planning, decision-making, and problem-solving, handled by the prefrontal lobe.

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Language Comprehension (Wernicke's Area)

The ability to understand spoken and written language, facilitated by Wernicke's area.