ap euro unit 1 vocsbulary

renaissance

the “rebirth” of classical culture and Greek and Roman texts that occurred in Italy between 1350 and 1550. Defining characteristics of the Renaissance would be humanism, secularism, and individualism

humanism

emphasized the value of human potential, individualism, secularism, and education. celebrates human reason, creativity, and achievements. seeks to incorporate classical learning, literature, philosophy, and art.

civic humanism

the idea of promoting humanism in the public sphere. It saw Cicero as the ideal to bring humanists into government and rhetorical training in the service of the state.

individualism

the ideology of putting an emphasis on people finding what they’re passionate about pursuing in life and their unique characteristics

secularism

an ideology which values the separation of religion from the state. this also extends into religion being separated from the public sphere.

Machiavelli

Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist, best known for his work “The Prince”. He promoted secular models for individual and political behavior. He argued that rulers should focus on maintaining power and stability, even if it meant employing manipulation. “the ends justifies the means”

Northern Renaissance

an intellectual movement in the late 15th and early 16th centuries that combined the classical interests in the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity including the New Testament. It often featured ordinary people in paintings and famous artists such as Rembrandt, and Peter Breugel.

Erasmus

Dutch humanist, theologian, and scholar of the Northern Renaissance. He followed Christian Humanism, which studied classical literature and philosophy as well as the critical examination of Christian texts. He advocated for the reform of the Church from within, criticizing corruption. He promoted a return to the original teachings of Christianity and a focus on the ethical teachings of Jesus.

naturalism

 An artistic movement that emerged during the Renaissance and is characterized by a focus on depicting the natural world and human experiences with a high degree of accuracy and detail. Naturalist artists sought to represent reality as closely as possible,

spanish inquisition

A judicial institution organized to combat heresy in Spain. Its main targets were converted Jews and Muslims, but it was also used against witchcraft and political enemies. After the Reformation, it also targeted Protestants.

concordat of bologna

 Signed in 1516 between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, regulated the relationship between the French crown and the Roman Catholic Church. It allowed the king the right to nominate and appoint bishops and abbots within the kingdom, while the pope retained certain spiritual and ecclesiastical powers.

peace of augsburg

The 1555 agreement to accept the existence of both Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany. Although flawed, this agreement ended serious religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire for 50 years.

edict of nantes

A decree that ended the French Wars of Religion. The edict established some religious freedom for Huguenots (French Protestants), giving them the right to worship and a state subsidy to support their troops and pastors. However, during the reign of Louis XIV, the edict was revoked. 

nobles of the robe

This refers to a social class within the nobility of France during the early modern period. acquired their status through positions in the judiciary and government administration, playing a crucial role in the administrative and legal affairs of France. The Nobles of the Robe diminished the power of the old aristocracy and centralized the power of the monarch

Age of Exploration

(1450-1600) It was marked by a series of maritime expeditions, voyages, and discoveries by European explorers who sought to expand their knowledge of the world, establish new trade routes, and lay claim to new territories. technological innovations, such as the compass, sternpost rudder, astrolabe, and lateen sail, enabled explorers to venture into uncharted waters, leading to the discovery of new lands and cultures. The Age of Exploration had far-reaching impacts on global geography, trade, cultural exchange, and the establishment of colonies. Motives for exploration included: God, glory, and gold.

mercantilism

An economic theory that held that a nation's property depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports in discouraging Imports especially through the use of tariffs. 

jesults

 the Society of Jesus, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. The order was established with a focus on education, missionary work, and service to the Church and society. Jesuit missionaries played a significant role in spreading Christianity to various parts of the world during the Age of Exploration and beyond.

treaty of tordesillas

signed in 1494 between Portugal and Spain, was an agreement intended to resolve conflicts over newly discovered lands outside of Europe during the Age of Exploration. The treaty was mediated by Pope Alexander VI. It aimed to divide the newly explored and unclaimed territories of the world between the two Iberian powers. The treaty established an imaginary line running from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean. Lands to the east of this line were designated for Portugal, while those to the west were designated for Spain.

columbian exchange

The widespread exchange of animals, plants, cultures, diseases, and technologies between Europe and the Americas. This exchange transformed diets and agricultural practices in Europe and brought new animals as well as devastating diseases like smallpox to indigenous populations in the Americas, causing massive population declines.

middle passage

An infamous passage across the Atlantic Ocean, the middle leg of triangular trade which included terrible working conditions.

triangular trade

refers to a period of significant changes and developments in trade, commerce, and economic practices in Europe. It marked a transition from the medieval economic system, characterized by farming economies and feudalism, to a more globalized and market-oriented economy. The Price Revolution happened almost simultaneously, due to inflation from a widespread and rapid increase in prices for goods and services, which came about due to an increased money supply from colonization and trade and population growth. 

enclosure acts

Laws enacted in 18th-century Britain that allowed large landowners to enclose the old open fields, thereby combining many small holdings into larger units and forcing many small farmers to become tenant farmers or wage laborers on the largest states. Many small farmers were forced to move to the city in search of new jobs. 

peace of westphalia

a treaty which brought the Thirty Years War to an end by: granting religious tolerance to Lutherans and Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire, (rulers were allowed to decide the religious faith of their territory) recognizing Dutch independence, and giving the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France.