Cardiovascular

What are two causes of a cardiac silhouette

increase in heart size

pericardial fluid

What is the hearts response to rapid pericardial effusion/exudate

cardiac tamponade

What is the hearts response to slow pericardial effusion/exudate

adaption

What type of fluid is hydropericardium

serous fluid

What color is hydropericardium

clear/straw colored

what is this

hydropericardium

Causes of hydropericardium

congestive heart failure

pulmonary hypertension- increased hydrostatic pressure

Hypoproteinemia- decreased oncotic pressure

Neoplasia

What type of fluid is a hemopericardium

pure blood

What are causes of hemopericardium

rupture of hemangiosarcoma

rupture of base of aorta in horses

rupture of left atrium secondary to mitral valve disease

trauma

anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

Where is the most likely place for a hemangiosarcoma in a dog

right auricle

What is the likely consequence of a hemopericardium

cardiac tamponade

What is the exudate in a fibrinous pericarditis

fibrin and neutrophils

What does fibrinous pericarditis indicate

presence of bacteria in pericardial sac

Causes of fibrinous pericarditis

Septicemia

penetrating injury

extension from myocardial abscess

vascular damage

uremia (dogs)

FIP (cats)

What are the pathogens causing septicemia in fibrinous pericarditis

Neonatal infection secondary to failure of passive transfer

Glasser’s disease (Glasserella parasuis) (swine)

Histophilus somini (Cattle)

What is an example of a penitrating injury that would cause fibrinous pericarditis

hardware disease

What is a pathogen that would cause vascular damage in fibrinous pericarditis

Blackleg- Clostridium chauvoei

What is the outcome of fibrinous pericarditis

large amounts of fibrinous exudate organize into granulation tissue which causes fibrous adhesions between visceral and parietal pericardium- this prohibits filling of heart- constrictive pericarditis

What are the causes of serous atrophy of fat on the heart

Starvation or cachexia

What disease causes epicardial urate deposition

gout

What is the definition of cardiomegaly

overall increase of the external dimensions of the heart

What are the two type sof cardiomegaly

hypertrophy

dilation

What is seen with hypertrophy

increase in myocardial mass

What is seen with dilation

increase in chamber volume

Causes of dilation cardiomegaly

myocardial necrosis

myocardial inflammation

Secondary to volume overload

What type of overload causes concentric hypertrophy

pressure

What type of overload causes eccentric hypertrophy

volume

What is seen with concentric hypertrophy

heart wall thickness increases- decreased chamber size

What is seen with eccentric hypertrophy

increase in chamber size, dilation and hypertrophy

Pathogenesis of myocardial hypertrophy secondary to hyperparathyroidism

increase hypothyroidism which acts on adrenergic receptors to vasodilate peripheral vessels- increase venous return. Concentric hypertrophy occurs in response to increase peripheral tissue demand for oxygen and dissipation of heat

what is eccentric hypertrophy associated with

severe valvular insufficiency and atrial/ventricular septal defects

What is cardiomyopathy

primary disease of cardiac muscle

What are the primary cardiomyopathis in SA

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

dilated cardiomyopathy

Macroscopic signs of HCM

concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle

secondary dilation of left atrium

pulmonary edema

Microscopic signs of HCM

myofiber hypertrophy

interstitial fibrosis

cardiomyofiber disarray

HCM is a ___ disorder

diastolic

Blood backs up into what in HCM

lungs

What is the most common cardiomyopathy in cats

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Breed predisposition for HCM in cats

Maine Coon

Ragdoll

What gene gets changed in cats predisposed to HCM

myosin binding protein C3 gene

What is a common effect of HCM

thrombi development in dilated left atrium- thrombembolism blocking at terminal branch of aorta (saddle thrombis)- blocking blood flow to hind limbas

What is seen in feline restrictive cardiomyopathy

endocardial fibrosis

left ventricular hypertrophy

reduction of left ventricular lumen

left atrial dilation

What breeds are predisposed to ARVH

Boxers and English bulldogs

What is commonly seen with arrhythmogenic right ventricular hypertrophy

right ventricular dilation

replacement of cardiomyocytes with adipose tissue and fibrosis

What is seen with dilated cardiomyopathy

dilation of both atria and ventricles- particularly left side

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is a ___ disfunction

systolic

What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in dogs

dilated cardiomyopathy

Nutritional causes of myocardial degeneration/necrosis in ruminants

selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency

What type of muscle is affected by selenium toxicity in ruminants

skeletal and cardiac muscles- turn pale

What is a nutritional cause of myocardial degeneration and necrosis in pigs

vitamin E deficiency

What is seen with vitamin E deficiency in pigs

vascular necrosis- hemorrhage and necrosis of heart

What are toxicity causes of myocardial degeneration and necrosis

ionophore (horse)

Blister beetle toxicity (horses)

Senna occidentalis

Nerium oleanderW

hat toxin is specific for cardiac muscle

nerium oreander

What is a cause of secondary myocardial degeneration and necrosis

Neural injury- brain heart syndrome

emboli- myocardial infarcts

Antineoplastic agents- doxorubicin

Causes of bacterial myocarditis

clostridium chauvoei

Histophilus somni

Staphylococcus aureus

What will we seen with bacterial mocarditis

neutrophils and necrosis

Causes of viral myocarditis

porcine circovirus 2 and 3

Canine parvovirus type 2

Causes of fungal myocarditis

disseminated aspergillosisP

Causes of protozoal myocarditis

Trypanosoma cruzi

Toxoplasma gondii

Neospora caninum

Where is hemangiosarcoma most often

Right auricle

Where is malignant lymphoma most often

right atrium

HULAS- heart uterus lymph node abomassum spinal canal

Retrobulbar

Where is chemodectomas most often

heart base

Causes of endocardial/intimal mineralization of aorta

Subendocardial mineralization

1. seondary to necrosis- dystrophic mineralization

2. secondary to imbalances in calceium and phosphorous- metastatic mineralization

   1. AGASACA

   2. lymphoma

3. Uremia

4. Johnes disease

5. Vitamin D analogs/rodenticidez

What is myxomatous valvular degeneration

chronic degenerative atrioventricular valve disease

Where does MVD commonly occur

mitral valve

What dose the valve look like with MVD

increased size and thickness but smooth

What are sequela of MVD

valvular insufficiency

left sided heart failure

jet lesions- caused by turbulent blood flow

Mitral valve prolapse

Thickening of cordae tendinae

What pathogenesis of endocarditis

underlying damage to epithelium of valve- bacteria hold on to valve- fibrin occurs because of damage- neutrophils are attracted to the site and causes friable massses

What are sequela of Endocarditis

thromboembolisms causing infarcts

valvular insufficency or stenosis

Breed predisposition of MVD

small dog breeds

Cardiac changes due to subaortic stenosis

left sided pressure overload- left sided concentric hypertrophy

poststenotic dilation of aorta

left sided heart failure

Cardiac changes due to Pulmonic stenosis

Right sided pressure overload- right sided concentric hypertrophy

Post-stenotic dilation of pulmonary artery

Right sided heart failure

Cardiac changes due to ventricular septal defect

Right concentric ventricular hypertrophy

left ventricluar dilation and hypertrophy

Ventricular septal defect pathogenesis

Blood shunt from LV to RV- increased blood volume and pressure in RV- hypertrophy of RV- equalization of pressure across ventricles- LV hypertrophy- cardiomegaly

Cardiac changes due to patent ductus arteriosis

pulmonary hypertension

Pressure overload of RV- RV concentric hypertrophy

Volume overload of LV- LV eccentric hypertrophy

Pathogenesis of Patent ductus arteriosis

Blood shunts Left to right via PDA- increase blood flow into the lung

1. increased venous return to LA and LV- volume overload of LV- LV eccentric hypertrophy

2. Pulmonary hypertension- pressure overload of RV- RV concentric hypertrophy

What is persistent right fourth aortic arch

congenital anomaly causing constriction of esophagus at the base of the heartW

What is the result of persistent right fourth aortic arch

dilated esophagus- megaesophagus

What is atherosclerosis

fat being deposited into vascular wall

What are causes of atheroschlerosis

dogs: hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus

Birds: high fat diets

Virchow’s triad

endothelial damage

altered blood flow

hypercoagulability

What is vasculitis

inflammation of vessel wall

Viral causes of vasculitits

classical swine fever

bluetongue

African horse sickness

Equine viral arthritis

Epizootic hemorrhagic diseases

Bacterial causes of vasculitits

rickettsia rickettsii

bacterial endotoxins

erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

histophilus somni

Fungal causes of vasculitis

aspirgillosis

What causes caval syndrome

in the vena cava the worms cause right atrial turbulence and shear-induced mechanical hemolysis

Lesions of Strongylus vulgaris

arteritis

aneurysm formation

thrombosis