Unit 4 History

the curiosity and questioning of the renaissance

the scientific revolution derives from…

the catholic church

authority on intellect in and prior to the 1500s

observation, experimentation

a new method of thinking arises during the 1500s based on ??? and ???, the findings of which don’t align with the teachings of the catholic church

Francis Bacon

argued for the scientific method and against the teachings of Greek philosophers

Copernicus

argued for the heliocentric model of the solar system, but feared to publish his findings because the church preferred a geocentric model (God created earth to be the center of the universe)

Kepler

argued that planets revolve in ellipses (implies that God practices imperfection)

Descartes

“I think, therefore I am”

Galileo Galilei

uses telescope, found that moon is not perfect, 1632 publishes book supporting heliocentric model and is arrested

Sir Isaac Newton

gravity, universal idea of motion (einstein later disproved)

Janssen

invents microscope in 1590

Gabriel Farenheit

invents thermometer in 1714

William Harvey

theorizes circulation (veins and arteries form circuit with heart)

Edward Jenner

invents cowpox vaccine

Enlightenment

intellectual movement growing out of the scientific revolution, peaked in the 18th century

enlightenment salons

places where philosophers would gather and discuss Greco-Roman philosophical ideals

republic of letters

national exchange of philosophy through letters

enlightened despot

ruler who is an enlightenment thinker, but isn’t about to give up power for liberty

a system based on freedom and liberty, but only for a select few (rich, white men)

essence of enlightenment

haiti

western half of Hispanola (east - dominican republic), not latin american, mostly populated by african american slaves in late 1700s

Toussaint L’Ouverture

led a slave revolt in Haiti, kicks out the french, called himself the Black Napolean

Spaniards/Penninsulares

white, from Spain, 1st level LARH

Criolles

offspring of Spaniards born in Americas, 2nd level LARH

Mestizos

mixed European & indigenous, 3rd level LARH

Mulatos

mixed European & African, 4th level LARH

Zambos

mixed indigenous & african, 5th level LARH

Simon Bolivar

helps Venezuela, Panama, Columbia, Equador, etc. become independent (northern latin america)

Jose de San Martin

liberated Argentina, Chile (southern latin america)

ayacucho, peru

in 1824, San Martin and Bolivar team up and defeat the Spanish in the battle of ???. This leads to the liberation of ??? and eventually the rest of latin america

upper-middle

Revolutions tend to benefit the _____ class, not the lower class

Augustin de Iturbide

liberates mexico from the spanish, however criolles still govern for many years

Dom Pedro

son of Portuguese king, when the brazilians demand freedom, he gives it to them

excess land, labor, and money

qualities that kickstarted the industrial revoluton for england in the 1700s

growth in textile industry

cotton produced cheaply in the colonies + hydraulic power to make weaving faster =

cotton gin

textile production becomes so efficient that the ______ is invented to make cotton production more effective

gave lower class women the opportunity to earn wages independently

benefits of factory growth for women

assembly line

system that led to the production cheaper & lower quality goods, workers didn’t require skill

employers can mistreat you

labor that’s not specialized →

more efficient transportation of goods

steam engines replace hydraulics →

urbanization

leads to overcrowding, disease, fire, high crime rates

exploitation of workers

long hours, unsafe conditions, no benefits, child labor

unionization

workers banded together and made decisions together to fight for their rights (workers are individually powerless but powerful together)

luddites

people who would go around smashing machines

mercantilism

Adam Smith’s theory that a nation’s economy should be based on trade

laissez-faire

mercantilism leads to this hands off government system, which in turn leads to capitalism

capitalism

modes of production are privately owned, shaped by competition

socialism

means of production are publicly owned and operated for the welfare of all

utopianism

building of an ideal society

utilitarianism

philosophy arguing that ideas should be judged for their usefulness (if a government’s purpose is to serve the people, then they must serve them in the best possible way)

karl marx

philosopher who took socialism to the extreme

communist manifesto

book in which Marx and Engles argue that the proletariat will and should rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie and implement socialism

bourgeoisie

middle class capitalists

proletariat

lower class factory workers

communism

the last stage of societal development in which the state withers away and people exist in harmony

imperialism

seizure of a country by a foreign country

colony, protectorate, sphere of influence

three types of imperialism

colony

territory governed by a foreign power

protectorate

territory with its own internal govt under the control of an outside power

sphere of influence

area in which outside power plays a strong influence, may claim exclusive investment or trading privileges

need for resources to fuel economy/industrial revolution

driving motive for imperialism

scientific racism

europeans start taking racist ideas and applying science to them, e.g. the white man’s burden to educate others

social darwinism

europeans are more evolved than others

indirect rule, modernize local institutions, rely on local officials to govern

imperialism style of britain and usa

direct rule, import foreign officials, assimilation, paternalism

imperialism style of france and other european powers

Leopold II of belgium

conquers Congo, paternalistic and exploitative attitude towards locals, lots of Congolese die so he can have rubber

berlin conference

14 european countries meet to divide up africa

made unnatural borders in africa, growth of cash crops destroyed land, because the economy was based on export it was hard to form an internal economy when africa gained its independence

major downsides to african imperialism

industrial revolution → mass production of guns and transport

how was imperialism possible

Nigeria

different cultures forced together still causes turmoil to this day

south africa

after Shaka’s death, tribes of this nation can’t maintain unity → colonization → separationist policies → Apartheid system

ethiopia

already Christian, Menelik II played other countries off each other while he built up his army and modernized the country, and was ultimately successful at defending against imperialism

battle of adwa

ethiopia vs italy

british east india company

by the 1850s, _____ is in direct or indirect control of all of india

very divided religiously (hindu vs muslims)

why was india easy to divide and conquer

sepoys

in india, the BEIC trained soldiers called

sepoy mutiny of 1857

Sepoys recaptured Deli in this rebellion, which occurred because rumors spread that cartridges were being greased with pork/beeff

Raj

british take india from BEIC for this period

afghanistan

britain and russia both try and ultimately fail to conquer this nation

siam (thailand)

southeast asian country that managed to stay independent as kings promoted this country as a neutral territory between french indochina and british india

opium

destroyed china’s advanced society by the 1830s

1st opium war

china is crushed by the british because they haven’t industrialized and is forced to open up to trade (britain gets hong kong in 1942 and foreigners aren’t subject to chinese rule)

2nd opium war

british team up with french to defeat china, and china is forced to give more allowances to foreign powers

taiping rebellion

people of china were unhappy with foreign powers, and expressed that much in this

open door policy

china is open to merchants from every nation and carved into spheres of influence

dowager empress cixi

empress who oversaw the division of china but couldn’t do anything about it

boxer rebellion

in which the people of china form the society of righteous and harmonious fists, plants the seeds for nationalism

meiji restoration

period of rapid modernization for japan

germany

japanese learn about military and centralized government from

england

japanese learn about navy from

usa

japanese learn about public education and agriculture from

sino-japanese war

China vs Japan for control over Korea, Japan wins

russo-japanese war

russia vs japan for control over manchuria, japan wins, ends myth of european invincibility

facism

japan becomes a very exploitative power, especially due to the rise of

thomas hobbes

The basic human condition is the condition of warring against one another. In addition, every human has the natural right to everything, even the right to kill other men. Therefore, we must all strive to seek peace in order to preserve life. In order to do this, we must enter into a social contract that limits some of our natural rights.

John Locke

original capitalist. man should not submit himself to any institution in order to have his freedom. life, liberty, property.

John Jaques Russeau

In nature man is free and equal. How do we protect the lives and properties of every individual while allowing everyone to be free? We must enter into a social contract: giving up all our rights to the larger community. (Emphasis on the needs of a community over the rights of an individual.) (proto-communism)

Baron de Montesquieu

legislative and executive branches should operate separately in order to preserve a system of checks and balances

Voltaire

deism, freedom of religion and religious tolerance

Cesar Beccaria

innocent until proven guilty, questioned the value of the death penalty and torture

Mary Wollstonecraft

The reason why women are viewed as less than men is because they don’t have the same opportunities for education, and therefore don’t have the same opportunities for jobs as men. If women were to be given more agency and independence, then they could make vast contributions to society.

Count Cavour

Ruler of the Italian state Sardinia. Made a pact with France to invade Austria, giving more territory to northern Italy, which he united by 1860.