Psychology Problem Solving, Heuristics, and Decision-Making Strategies

What are the 3 steps involved in the process of analogical problem solving according to Gick & Holyoak?

Noticing, Mapping, Applying

What are 3 differences between experts and novices when solving problems?

Experts solve problems faster, possess more knowledge, and organize knowledge differently.

What is the implication of Matcalfe & Wiebe's finding on warmth ratings for insight vs. non-insight problems?

Insight problems show sudden solutions with low warmth ratings until a jump, while non-insight problems show gradual increases.

What is the implication of Duncker's candle problem regarding preconception?

People fixate on the usual function of a box, hindering problem solving.

What is the implication of the water jug problem experiment findings?

Only 23% of participants used simple solutions in the mental set group compared to all in the non-mental set group.

What is the implication of the mutilated checkerboard problem with different versions?

Names paired with colors create better representations, aiding problem solving.

What was the finding of Gick & Holyoak's experiment regarding the fortress story and radiation problem?

Most people do not make the connection between the source problem and the target problem.

What was the finding of Gick & Holyoak's experiment when participants were cued to think about the story?

Cued thinking allows for analogical encoding, helping to notice similarities.

Is the following conditional syllogism valid? If I don't see him today, I will be sad tonight. I didn't see him today. Therefore, I was sad tonight.

VALID

Is the following conditional syllogism valid? If I don't see him today, I will be sad tonight. I saw him today. Therefore, I wasn't sad tonight.

INVALID

Is the following categorical syllogism valid? All dogs are birds. All birds have wings. Therefore, all dogs have wings.

VALID and FALSE

What is the availability heuristic?

Judging likelihood or frequency of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

What is the representativeness heuristic?

Judging category membership based on similarity to the prototype.

What is myside bias?

The tendency to interpret and search for information that supports one's own beliefs.

What is confirmation bias?

Seeking confirming evidence while ignoring opposing views.

What is the framing effect?

Decision influence by how options are presented.

What is risk aversion?

Preferring sure gain over a gamble with uncertain payoff.

What is the dual systems approach?

System one is fast and automatic, while system two is slow but more meaningful.

What is the falsification principle?

One must look for information that could disprove a rule, not confirm it.

What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning leads to certain conclusions, while inductive reasoning leads to probable conclusions.

What is the significance of the opt-in procedure?

People are not enrolled unless they choose to join.

What is the significance of the opt-out procedure?

People are automatically enrolled and have to choose to leave.

What is restructuring in problem solving?

Changing mental representation of a problem to see it in a new way.

What is divergent thinking?

Generating many possible solutions or ideas.

What is means-end analysis?

A problem-solving strategy that breaks a problem into subgoals.

What is the initial state in problem solving?

The starting conditions of a problem.

What is the goal state in problem solving?

The desired end or solution.

What is the think-aloud protocol?

Verbalizing thought processes to reveal strategies while problem solving.

What is tDCS?

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, a weak electrical current that changes brain activity.

What is TMS?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, which uses magnetic pulses to temporarily disrupt or activate brain areas.