Unit 3 - Land Based Empires

- Expansion, Administration, and Belief Systems

What is the time period?

1450 -1750

Land Based Empire

An empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings

The BIG IDEA on land Based empires is

in the time period 1450-1750 land-based empires were expanding

Top 4 Empires

• Ottoman Empire

• Safavid Empire

• Qing Dynasty

• Mughal Empire

Ottoman Empire controlled Southwestern Europe and Anatolia and quickly expanded by

Gunpowder

Ottoman Empire not only used gunpowder but

• Christians turning them into Jannissaries

Safavid Empire had

Shah Ismail used gunpowder to expand

they used Christians from the Caucasus region to fight for them like the Ottoman Empire

Similarities between the Ottoman and Safavid Empire

• Humble beginnings

• Rapid expansion with gunpowder

• Elite enslaved military forces

• Muslim

Ottoman empire were ___ Muslims

Sunni

Safavid empire were ___ Muslims

Shia

Sunni believe

that the rightful successor of Muhammad could be anyone spiritually fit for the office

Shia believed

that only blood relatives of Muhammad were his legitimate successors

Mughal Empire wiped out the

Delhi Sultanate by Babur

Mughal Empire was..

Muslim but many citizens did not convert and stuck to Hinduism

Akbar was

tolerant of all kinds of belief systems which allowed for expansion just like gunpowder

Mughal Empire was ___ of the 16th century

most prosperous

The Ming Dynasty were

ethnically Han

Empires compared…

1. All land based

2. All expanded rapidly

3. Used Gunpowder to Expand

4. Ethnically different from subjects

• Qing and Mughal

• Safavids and Ottoman

Safavid and Mughal Conflict

series of war fought over territory

Mughals were ___ Muslims

sunni

Legitimized

the methods a ruler uses to establish their authority

Consolidated

the method a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves

FIrst way to legitimize and consolidate power

Administrative methods

• Formation of large bureaucracies

Bureaucracy

the thousands of government officials that ensure laws are kept throughout the empire

Bureaucracy for the Ottoman Empire

using the Devshirme system

1. this system staffs their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals

2. Top performers were appointed to elite positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy

Second way to legitimize and consolidate power was

Development of Military Professionals

Third way to legitimize and consolidate power was

Religious ideas, art, and monumental Architecture

Divine right of kings

the idea that monarchs were gods representative on earth

For the Christian population it had..

a powerful way to legitimize the authority of their ruler

Qing Dynasty legitimized power by

hanging imperial portraits with books to showcase Confucian ruler and ideas

Legitimizing power thru architecture

palace of Versailles by Louis

Louis had people give power to him by

having French nobility live in the palace with him so he can keep an eye on them also compete for his attention

Since the French nobility held they real power,

having them live with Louis lower it

Fourth way to legitimize and consolidate power was

innovations on tax collection systems

Zamindar System

from the Mughal empire which elite landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of the imperial government

Tax farming System

Ottoman empire had the right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder

The highest bidder would charge taxes more than what is said to enrich themselves

Church Corruption examples

1. Simony

2. Sale of Indulgences

Simony

people burning their way into positions of power in the church

Sale of Indulgences

people paid money to get their sins forgiven

Martin Luther

a Catholic monk who were troubled by the corrupted practices because they were not seen in the bible

in 1517 Martin created

the 95 theses and nailed it to the church

as a result martin was

excommunicated

printing press help martin

by spreading his ideas and more and more people agreed

HIs actions resulted in the

split in Christianity called the Protestant Reformation

Change was Protestant Reformation

Catholices cleaned up a lot of the corruption Protestants were complaining about the Council of Trent

Continuity was the Dominance of Catholicism

reaffirmed that their doctrine of salvation was just fine

Shah Ismail declared that the Safavid Empire would be Shia Islam this

• put them at odds with the other Sunni Muslims empires in the area

• Aggravated and intensified the split between there two branches

Sikhism

a syncretic blend of both Hindu and Islamic doctrines

Sikhism Continuity

-retained several important doctrines

• belief in one God

• Cycle of reincarnation and death

Sikhism Change

-Discarded the gender hierarchies of Islam

-Discarded the caste system of Hinduism

Intro to Qing Dynasty

• The Manchu were well versed in Confucian thought and received support from scholar bureaucrats (eunuchs) in overthrowing the Ming 

• The Macho adopted the Confucian Examination System 

• To participate in the government, one had to pass a rigorous test based on Chinese history and Confucianism 

• This left government job opportunities to elites who could afford to send their sons to study for years and complete the test

• Wanting to maintain this harmony and tradition, the Qing Dynasty kept the Confucian Examination System as a means to appease and control the ethnic Han Chinese

How the Qing expanded and earned power

• Once in power, the Qing Dynasty continued to expand China’s land borders and rejected a maritime empire

• Emperor Kangxi (1654-1722) launched a military campaign that brought neighboring territories under his control

• He conquered for the sake of security reasons, not economic reasons 

• Qing Dynasty did not seek to assimilate conquered peoples, but instead allowed local rulers to maintain some authority 

• Showed respect for Muslim, Mongolian, and Tibetan cultures

• Like Louis XIV, Peter the Great, the Ottoman sultans, and the Mughal emperors, the Qing Dynasty also demonstrated power through culture - Qing Emperors often commissioned the paintings of life-sized portraits of their emperors to demonstrate power and influence

Qing Domestic Polices

• While the examination system was used by the Wing to maintain Han social harmony, many other policies were outright oppressive

• The Qing promoted segregation that separated people by ethnicity and class. The meanpeople were made up of slaves, criminals, entertainers, and other lower-class people. The good commoners were made up of scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants.

• The mean people were forbidden to take the civil service exam and could not marry good people 

• Han men were forced to shave the front of their heads and grow a queue as a sign of submission to the dynasty. Faluire ot comply was punishable by death 

• The Manchu imposed this cultural aspect on the Han to demonstrate their dominance over the Han Chinese

Qing Society

• Patriarchal society, Confucian ideals are strong 

• Preference for male children (only males were able to take exams, boosting family status)

• Women were encouraged to commit suicide after their husbands died 

• Women could not divorce their husbands under any circumstances 

• Men could divorce their wives for disobedience or adultery

Intro to Mughal Empire

• The Mughal, coming from the Persian word Mongol, were a group of Turkish-Mongol invaders from the former khanates of Chagatai and the Il-khans

• They defeated and overtook the Delhi Sultanate in 1526, and were also officially Muslims 

• Incorporated raja ( regional Hindu leaders) into military and bureaucratic positions to alleviate tensions:

• Abolishing the jizya policy and cooperation nd encouraged intermarriage, supporting Hindu terms 

• The key difference between teh Mughal rulers and their predecessors was their tolerance for the local diversity in India

Mughal control over India

• By 1555, Mughal Ruler, Akbar the Great, gathered the support of Hindus who opposed the Delhi Sultante

• Mughals allowed local rulers to keep their power, as long as they remained loyal and paid their taxes. 

• Hindu princes, zamindars, were rewarded for loyalty and incorporated into the Mughal government 

• Zamindaars functioned as governors of the region, and were responsible for collecting taxes and participating in the military

• Land granted to military and government officials in exchange for service (similar to the Ottoman and Safavid)

Mughal Prosperity

• During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mughal Empire was the #1 producer of cotton textiles 

• Harnessed gunpowder weapons, just as their Islamic counterparts in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires

• Because they were wealthy and embraced diversity, the Mughals built elaborate temples and other monuments

• One famous example is the Taj Mahal, a tomb influenced by Persian, Turkic, and Hindu Indian Culture

Intro to the Ottoman Empire

• After 1450, it was commonly called the Age of Gunpowder Empire due to the widespread use of firearms and expanded territory

• Founded in Anatolia, the Ottoman Empire was a Muslim Sultanate that harnessed gunpowder weapons 

• Ended the Byzantine Empire when they captured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed the capital to Istanbul 

• Expanding further in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East 

• Tax farming, or “iltizam,” in which the Ottoman government auctioned off the right to collect taxes to private individuals. “Tax farmers” collect taxes on behalf of the government and retain any surplus taxes as their own profit.

Ottoman Expansion

• The 16th and 17th centuries saw extensive Ottoman expansion, mostly under Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520 to 1566

• The Ottomans seriously threatened central Europe 

• Conquered Baghdad, Captured Vienna, challenged European trade ships throughout the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

• In Europe, they struggled to control the Balkan region, home to mostly Eastern Orthodox Slavic people

Ottoman Domestic Polices

• Ottomans conquered and incorporated many people who spoke different languages, making the empire diverse and vast 

• To fund, they relied on heavy taxation from their conquered areas

• The Millet System allowed non-muslim communities to self-govern and maintain their own religious practices. Each millet was led by a religious leader who answered to Ottoman authorities  

• Sultans funded miniature paintings of the sultan as grand leaders, distributing them to demonstrate their power

• Sultans offered timars, land grants for military service, as compensation for military service. Timariots were cavalry officers who contributed troops and supplies when called up for battle. 

• To keep Christian slaves in check, they created a “blood tax” or deshirme. This required Christian boys ages 8 to become slaves of the sultan, placed in military service. 

• Known as Janissaries, the new elite military group trained to be loyal and fight for only the sultan, forced to convert to Islam, and sometimes castrated.

Intro to Safavid Empire

• When the IL-Khante faded, the Safavid Empire took over Persia 

• Known for the largest Shi’a state in history, establishing a Persian Identity and laying for modern-day Iran 

• Hostilities intensified by Shi’a Shi'a-Sunni split 

• The Battle of Chaldiran against the Ottoman Empire illustrated the importance of new gunpowder technology 

• Safavid sent cavalry armed with swords and knives to fight Janissaries with their cannons and muskets 

• Limited Shi’a Muslism for expansion 

• The Safavids then built up artillery and continued fighting the Ottomans for 2 centuries

Provide ONE example of how land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power:

Land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power because it gave them more power, which they would use to conquer land. Building a strong military to threaten and beat other empires. With military help, they maintained and gained power in the conquered land.

Provide ONE example of how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power:

Land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power by legitimizing their rule through elaborate religious art, to create the idea of awe to reinforce their authority.

Provide ONE example of how land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power:

Land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power, to show off their wealth, and to display the power the ruler had. Their large and luxurious buildings scared other empires as it told them they had more money for supplies, and it was likely their empire would lose if fought.

Provide ONE example of how land-based empires generated revenue to expand and maintain power:

Land-based empires generated revenue to expand and maintain power by consolidating their power in a central government, collecting tributes from weaker states, and taxing. With more trade, the government becomes focused on organized tax collection and bureaucracy.

Schism

Split in the Christian world that Martin luther’s ideas created

What changes (political, social, cultural) occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

Some changes that occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation were adult baptism, religious toleration, separation from the church and state, and allowing women ministers.

Identify and explain how ONE technological innovation allowed the Protestant Reformation to take place.

One technological innovation that allowed the Protestant Reformation to take place was the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. It allowed for ideas of the Reformation to spread quickly.

Why did the Sunni and Shia split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period?

This split intensified during the 1450-1750 time period because of political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires and how they connected to Islam.