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Sexual Reproduction
A reproductive process that involves the fusion of male and female gametes, typically resulting in offspring with genetic contributions from both parents.
Pollen
A fine powdery substance produced by the anthers of flowering plants, containing sperm cells for fertilization.
Double Fertilization
A unique process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote and the other sperm fuses with polar bodies to form endosperm.
Endosperm
Nourishing tissue formed in the seeds of flowering plants that provides food to the developing embryo.
Ovule
The structure in seed plants that develops into a seed after fertilization; contains the egg cell.
Ovary
The part of the flower that contains ovules and develops into fruit after fertilization.
Stigma
The sticky tip of the pistil where pollen grains adhere during pollination.
Style
The tube that connects the stigma to the ovary, through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary.
Fruit
The mature ovary of a flowering plant, which protects seeds and aids in their dispersal.
Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma, often facilitated by wind, insects, or other animals.
Sperm Cell
Male gamete responsible for fertilizing the egg in sexual reproduction.
Sepal
The outermost part of a flower that protects the budding flower and supports the petals.
Petal
Colorful part of a flower that attracts pollinators.
Germination
The process by which a seed develops into a new plant under favorable conditions.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
Filament
The stalk of the stamen that supports the anther in a flower.
Pollen Tube
The tube that forms from a pollen grain and grows down the style to deliver sperm to the ovule for fertilization.
Zebra Shark
An organism known to reproduce without a partner under extreme circumstances, demonstrating a form of asexual reproduction.
Ovary to Fruit Development
The transformation process where the ovary of a flower develops into a fruit after fertilization occurs.
Ripened Ovaries
The matured ovaries that develop into fruits, providing nutrients and protection to seeds.
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that produces four genetically diverse haploid cells from one diploid cell.
What are the stages of meiosis?
Meiosis consists of two main stages: meiosis I and meiosis II, each with prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What happens during prophase I?
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.
What is crossing over?
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.
What occurs during metaphase I?
Homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's equatorial plate before being separated.
What is anaphase I?
The phase where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.
What is telophase I?
The stage where the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing half the original chromosome number.
What happens in meiosis II?
Similar to mitosis, where the two daughter cells from meiosis I divide again, leading to the production of four haploid cells.
What is a haploid cell?
A cell that contains only one set of chromosomes (n), as opposed to a diploid cell, which contains two sets (2n).
Why is meiosis important?
Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction, producing gametes that contribute to genetic diversity in offspring.
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