Bio II: Invasive Species

ecological community

consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem

competition

harms both species

predation

benefits predator, harms the prey

parasitism

harms the host

commensalism

benefits one no effects on the other (ex: Spanish moss on oak tree, orchids on trees, ferns on oak trees)

mutualism

benefits both species

coevolution

one species affects the development and adaptations of another; acts as agent of natural selection of another

Niche

role and place of each species in the ecosystem (more than just habitat)

its physical home and habitat, all the chemical and physical factors necessary for its survival, how the species acquires its energy and materials, and all the other species with which it interacts and the behaviors involved

The 4 things a niche includes

two organisms attempt to use the same limited resources

competition occurs whenever:

harms both species involved and the more similar the two niches overlap, the greater the competition between them

How does competition have an effect on species

adaptations

reduce the overlap of ecological niches among coexisting species

competition exclusion principle

if two species occupy the same niche, one will eliminate the other

Gause; Paramecium

The competition exclusion principle was formulated in 1934 by _____ based on lab experiments with __________

out compete them

invading species can have niches that overlap with other native species which result in one ________

Resource Partinioning

when species with overlapping niches compete, the niche narrows on different part of the resource spectrum

Interspecific Competition

reduces the population size and distribution oof each species

Connell’s

_______ experiment showed competition between barnacles in an intertidal zone caused them to inhabit different habitats within the zone

Predators

kill and eat other organisms; usually larger than prey or hunt collectively; less numerous than prey; characteristics that help them catch their prey; EX: bats and moths

camouflage

______ conceals both predator and prey; colors, patterns and shapes to resemble surroundings; may resemble specific shapes like bird droppings, leaves and thorns; also helps predators ambush their prey

bright colors

________ warn of danger; warns poisonous or distasteful to predator

mimicry

some species gain protection through _________; shared warning colors, startle coloration, aggressive mimicry

shared warning colors

predator will avoid all; viceroy butterfly monarch

startle coloration

spots that resemble the eyes of a predator

aggressive minicry

predator resembles harmless animal or part of the environment to lure prey in striking distance; Ex: frog fish

Batesian

harmless resembles dangers

Mullerian

both dangers

symbiosis

close interaction between organisms of different species for an extended time

succession

structural change in a community and the non-living environment over time

primary succession

colonizes where there is no trace of a previous community; thousands of years

secondary succession

the previously existing community is disturbed leaving soil and seeds behind

climax community

diverse stable community; final stage

subclimax community

recurring disturbances keep the community at these stages