Biology nephron key vocabulary

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Biology

IGCSE Biology

Edexcel

Nephron

Last updated 11:03 AM on 3/24/26
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16 Terms

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Cortex
Cortex
The outer region of the kidney. It contains the glomerulus, renal capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, and distal convoluted tubule.
The outer region of the kidney. It contains the glomerulus, renal capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, and distal convoluted tubule.
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Medulla
Medulla
The middle region of the kidney. It contains the Loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
The middle region of the kidney. It contains the Loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
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Nephron
Nephron
Microscopic filtering units, also known as kidney tubules. They are responsible for filtering substances from the blood and forming urine.
Microscopic filtering units, also known as kidney tubules. They are responsible for filtering substances from the blood and forming urine.
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Glomerulus
Glomerulus
A ball of capillaries that sits in the renal capsule. Blood passes through larger arterioles into the capillaries and leaves through smaller venules.
A ball of capillaries that sits in the renal capsule. Blood passes through larger arterioles into the capillaries and leaves through smaller venules.
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<p>Ultrafiltration</p>

Ultrafiltration

The process where substances are filtered from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsule under pressure. Only small substances like glucose, urea, salts, and water pass across the basement membrane.

<p>The process where substances are filtered from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsule <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 95);"><strong><em>under pressure. </em></strong></span>Only small substances like glucose, urea, salts, and water pass across the basement membrane.</p>
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Renal (Bowman's) Capsule
Renal (Bowman's) Capsule
A hollow cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus. It collects the glomerular filtrate produced by ultrafiltration.
A hollow cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus. It collects the glomerular filtrate produced by ultrafiltration.
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Selective Reabsorption
Selective Reabsorption
The process by which useful substances, like glucose and sodium ions, are actively transported from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood.
The process by which useful substances, like glucose and sodium ions, are actively transported from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood.
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Urea
Urea
A nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver when proteins break down. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted as part of urine.
A nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver when proteins break down. It is filtered by the kidneys and excreted as part of urine.
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Urine

  • Contains waste products (water, dissolved urea and salts) from metabolism, mainly urea no glucose in a healthy person (1)

  • Contains excess water and salts (1)

  • Produced by the kidneys and excreted via ureters, bladder, and urethra (1)

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Excretion

  • Removal of waste substances produced by metabolism (1)

  • Examples include carbon dioxide, urea, and excess salts (1).

  • (Note: undigested food leaving the alimentary canal is egestion, not excretion.)

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<p>Kidney</p>

Kidney

  • Removes urea from the blood (1)

  • Regulates water and salts levels to maintain homeostasis(1)

  • Produces urine (1)

<ul><li><p><strong>Removes urea</strong> from the blood (1)</p></li><li><p><strong>Regulates water and salts</strong> levels to maintain homeostasis(1)</p></li><li><p><strong>Produces urine</strong> (1)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Renal artery</p>

Renal artery

  • The blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.

  • The blood is under high pressure and

  • contains relatively high levels of urea.

<ul><li><p>The blood vessel that carries<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 194);"> blood to the kidney. </span></p></li><li><p>The blood is under high pressure and </p></li><li><p>contains <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 197);">relatively high levels of urea.</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Renal vein</p>

Renal vein

  • The blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney.

  • The blood is under low pressure and

  • contains relatively low levels of urea.

<ul><li><p>The blood vessel that carries blood <strong><mark data-color="#00ff21" style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 33); color: inherit;">away</mark></strong> from the kidney. </p></li><li><p>The blood is under low pressure and </p></li><li><p>contains relatively <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">low levels of urea.</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Bladder</p>

Bladder

  • A muscular organ that stores urine.

  • It receives urine from the kidneys via the ureters and

  • releases it through the urethra.

<ul><li><p>A muscular organ that stores urine. </p></li><li><p>It receives urine from the<span style="color: rgb(2, 246, 255);"><strong> kidneys via the ureters</strong></span> and </p></li><li><p>releases it through the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 248);">urethra</span>.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Urethra</p>

Urethra

  • The tube that carries urine

  • from the bladder to the outside of the body.

<ul><li><p>The tube that carries urine </p></li><li><p>from the bladder to the <span style="color: rgb(74, 255, 0);"><strong>outside of the body.</strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Ureter</p>

Ureter

  • The tube that transports urine

  • from the kidney to the bladder.

<ul><li><p>The tube that transports urine </p></li><li><p>from the <span style="color: rgb(236, 255, 0);">kidney</span> to the <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">bladder</span>.</p></li></ul><p></p>