Semester 1 exam Waitkus Theo 3 H

\-Target audience of Matthew/Luke

Luke - Gentiles, the non-Jews

Matthew - Jews

\-Synoptic authors

Matthew, Mark, Luke

\-Acts of the Apostles

Written by Luke

\-Reason it is sometimes referred to as the Gospel of the Church

It is referred to as the Gospel of the Church because is is written in summaries and discourses in order to display the events that happened

\-Two types of writings

Summaries and Discourses

\-Pentecost Feast (What happened?)

The Holy Spirit through fire and wind blessed the people at the Pentecost Feast so that they could all understand what each other was saying, and what Peter was saying in his speech. (They could understand each others tounges) Peter told the people that they and him are not drunk and it was thanks to the Lord and the Holy Spirit that they could all understand each other. Peter told the people to repent, be baptized and receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 3,000 people were baptized that day.

\-Council of Jerusalem (What was the conflict?)

At the council of Jerusalem there was a conflict, the conflict was if the newly converted gentiles needed to be circumsized or not. It was deemed not necessary to be circumsized. This was a significant event because the Pharisees were made mad because the Council of Jerusalem was not following Mosaic Law.

\-How does it end? (Acts)

It ends abruptly without knowing what happened to Paul/Saul.

\-Early Christian Initiation Process

Baptism? Circumcision? \~ 3 years to get in.

\-Reason for needing deacons and early martyrdom

The martyrdom is similar to monasticism. A martyr is the highest witness you can give to your faith. It was needed to show that people would die for your faith. Paved the way for monasticism and Monks. According to St. Benedict, “Bloodless Martyrdom” = Monastic life. Deacons martyrs were the seeds of the Church and Deacons lived out Christ.

\-Paul

Saul stopped persecuting Christians and started his life over again becoming Paul.

\-Conversion experience (what happened?) (Saul)

Saul was traveling to Damascus and he saw a blinding light which was God, God asks, “Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?” after this Saul becomes blind fasts for three days and then baptized by Ananias healing his sight. Saul then took up a new life changing his name to Paul. (Stopped persecuting Christians)

\-Jewish sect he belonged to (Paul)

He was a Pharisee, also a Roman.

\-Who did he focus much of his attention on/often preach to?

He wrote \~2/5 of the NT, Said we cannot just achieve salvation, we must earn it through faith.

Why was he not executed? (Paul)

He was not executed because he was a Roman

\-Jewish Revolution (Why they revolted?)

The Jews revolted because of the Roman Taxation and the raids of the temple.

\-Destruction of the Jewish temple (year)

70 AD

\-Apologists

Addressed problems of the Church, defended Christians.

\-Stephen

The first martyr; starved to death

\-Gentile

A non-Jew

\-Reasons why Christianity was able to spread so quickly

It was spread quickly because it was appealing (hope for poor, faith leads to your own kingdom), Diaspora (Dispersion of the Jews; home base in every town), Roman Travel, Pax Romana (Time of peace; stability), and Practices

\-Reason for early schism in the Church

It was rooted out of early Christian persecutions and mortal sin being forgiven.

\-Determination regarding mortal sin (What to do with Lapsi)

Pope St. Cornelius said that that the Lapsi, people who committed mortal sin (Went against Jesus and God), could be forgiven if they participated in penance.

\-Constantine

A very cool Roman leader.

\-Conversion experience (Constantine)

Converted at the Battle of Milvian bridge. Constantine prayed to the Christian God and saw the Chi-Rho (sign of God). Constantine and his troops were told to put it on their shields and God would have their side in the battle. This was a battle that Constantine was going to lose, but they won. It was a miracle.

\-Arian Christianity vs. Nicene Christianity

Arianism said that Jesus is not 100% Human and 100% Divine like Nicene Christianity, it says that Jesus it the adopted son of God, and that he is not 100% Divine but 100% Human.

\-Teachings of each regarding the nature of God (Arian vs. Nicene)

Arianism: Jesus is not fully divine.

Nicene: Jesus is fully divine and human. Consubstantial with the Father. -Council of Nicea 325

Were we actually truly saved by Jesus if the man part died, but not the divine part?

\-Reasons for the fall of Rome

Over Expanded boundaries

Bad Leadership

Constant wars/battles

\-St. Helena

The mother of Constantine, credited with finding the real cross of Jesus Christ.

\-St. Monica

Mother of St. Augustine, credited with returning St. Augustine back to Christianity.

\-Arius

Founder of Arianism

\-Diocletian

The leader of Rome that split it into four parts.

\-*Lapsi*

The ones who made a grave/mortal sin.

\-Battle of Milvian Bridge

When Constantine converted to Christianity, was expected to lose the battle, but the Christian God came and blessed Constantine’s troops with the Chi-Rho. Constantine and his troops ended up winning the battle.

\-Edict of Milan

Extended Religious toleration for all religions

\-Council of Nicea

A council called by Constantine to form the Nicean Creed, what we believe in.

\-The Vulgate

The Latin translation of the Bible by St. Jerome

\-*The Confessions*

St. Augustine’s autobiography

\-Donation of Pepin

The donation of land (Papal States), money, and authority to the Church.

\-First Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne

\-Conversion of Clovis

Was significant because when he converted all of France, the Franks, converted as well. This made the Kingdom of the Franks the baseline for Christianity.

\-Eastern Schism (year)

1054

\-Cultural and Theological differences between the East/West

West: Latin (Claimed official language of Christianity), laity more involved in the clergy, Primacy of the Pope

East: Greek (Official language of Rome), laity more involved with religious questions, councils aided by emperor.

\-Reasons people would have gone on the Crusades

\-Results?

People who were poor would go on the Crusades because they had nothing going on for them in their lives. They were promised remission of sins if they died, or land if they returned alive.

\
A lot of people went on Crusades in order to receive these things.

\-Consequences and Results of Crusades

1st Crusade: Didn’t go well, plundered land for resources, at Antioch there was a siege and a huge massacre of Jews.

4th Crusade: Destruction of Constantinople and the Crusades disgusted people

3rd Crusade: No one was happy, Jerusalem wasn’t taken, but trade flourished.

\
Overall: Trade began to flourish again, military orders began to form, knights templar, technological advances and medical discoveries.

\-Most famous monastery (St. Benedict)

Monte Casino

\-Pepin the Short

Crowned by St. Boniface, donated land, money, and authority to the Church

\-St. Boniface

Apostle of Germany; Evangelized the German people

\-Charlemagne

The first Holy Roman Emperor, split east and west empire and appointed Bishops as governors.

\-Saladin

A Muslim war leader that lead the Muslims during the 3rd Crusade.

\-Richard the Lionheart

English leader who helped lead the (unsuccessful) Third Crusade against Saladin and the Muslims son of Henry II

\-Monte Cassino

St. Benedicts most famous monastery

\-Lay Investiture

Positions appointed by the non-religious

\-*Dictates of the Pope*

In 27 propostions, spelled out the rights of the Pope

\-Who were the mendicants?

The begging order of the Church

\-How did the mendicants represent a shift from previously prominent orders? (Mendicants)

They were poor, and they lived in the community.

\-Characteristics of cathedrals

Gothic: Pointed Arches, Stone to rise to the heavens, long and high roofs.

Roman: Stone buildings, heavy walls, semicircular arches.

Didactic: Used to teach illiterate, home of the saints, martyrs, and Christ.

Culturic: Helped understanding of eucharist, place for a miracle.

\-Location the Church was moved to

Avignon

\-Reason this was problematic (Church moving)

Because this was not where the Church is based out of it is based out of Rome not France.

\-Lifestyle of papacy in France

Luxurious

\-Why he became a priest (Martin Luther)

Became a priest because he promised God if he didn’t die in a harsh thunder storm.

\-95 Theses (language?)

Originally for the Clergy, originally written in Latin then translated into German for all to read. Posted on the Eve of All Saints Day. (October 31st)

\-Council Luther was famously condemned

Diet of Worms

\-Foundations of the Church of England

\-Council of Trent

A meeting of all of the Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul to rule on doctrines criticized by the protestant reformers.

\-*Unum Sanctum*

Was the Papal Bull, a statement from the pope to the Church, disses the Roman Pontiff. Leads to Boniface being arrested, tortured, and killed by Philip.

\-Nationalism

Being proud of your nation/country. France vs. England 100 years war.

\-Diet of Worms

Place that Martin Luther was condemned at, Luther refused to recant.

\-95 theses

Written by Martin Luther, originally in Latin directed at the Clergy and Church, then translated into German for the people to see. Posted on the eve of All Saints Day. (October 31)

\-Transubstantiation

That the wine and bread are actually the body and blood of Jesus.

Consubstantiation

That the wine and bread are not actually the body and blood of Jesus, but it is spiritually it.

\-Catherine of Aragon

Mother of Mary Tudor, divorced because she didn’t provide a male heir. Rough marriage.

\-Frederick the Wise

The Prince of Saxony

\-John Tetzel

The seller of Indulgences for Pope Leo X that Martin Luther hated.

\-Elizabeth I

Daughter of Anne Boleyn, synthesized a bunch of religions together to found the Anglican Church. Didn’t allow the priests to celebrate Catholic mass. She wanted to be the true heir of England.

\-Mary Tudor

Daughter of Catharine of Aragon, Catholic to prove that she is the true heir of England.

\-Erasmus

Known as the prince of Humanism, debated with Luther over free will.

Pharisees believed in _____, Sadducees believed in__ ____.

Angels, didn’t believe in angels

\-St. Benedict (Why left monastery)

Left First monastery because there was a plot to kill him.

The Messiah would come through this Jewish Sect

Pharisees

The Messiah would be a warlord

Zealots

Temple

Temple of Cluney

Papal Inquisition

Removal of all future heresies

Why did the French Cardinals decide an Italian pope?

The Papacy moved back to Rome, and significant public pressure.

Four Fold Mission of the Church 

Worship the Lord, Live in a community, Share the message, Serve Others

Ecumenism 

The movement to promote unity among Christian groups

Council of Jerusalem Significance

Significant because it decides the mosaic law.

Council of Nicea Significance

Significant because it decided what we believe, nicean creed.

Council of Pisa Significance

Significant because they elected a third pope (Alexander V), Conciliar Movement

Conciliar Movement

Movement in the Church to provide authority and power to Church councils

Council of Constance Significance

Significant because they elected pope Martin V

Council of Trent Significance

Significant because they changed stuff about the Church. (Limited positions, regulated relics and indulgences, trained priests, three books; Roman Catechism, Roman Missal, Roman ritual.)

Subiaco

Place where St. Benedict was plotted to be killed at. Left Rome to live here.

Simony

Buying and selling of Church lands and positions

Nepotism

Appointment of positions based off relationships and family

St. Jerome

His translations of the Bible are used in the Catholic Church today. "Follower of Cicero and not of Christ." Studied under Gregory of Nazianzus Explosive temper, vulgate translations of the bible.

St. Ambrose

He was begged to become the Bishop of Milan because he was able to settle the affair of deciding who should succeed the Arian Bishop. Incited a riot. (Stand off at the Portiana. Combated Arianism in the west

St. Francis of Assisi

Grew up wealthy, went off to war to become popular. Got caught and wasn’t bailed out by his father, finally released. Viewed as a mad man after, had a vision in the San Damiano. Was radical, some questioned if he was a heretic. (Franciscan) Mendicant Movement

\-Saint Paul important contributions

Its Saul

St. Benedict

The Rule of St. Benedict