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List and briefly describe the functions of the cardiovascular system
The functions are transportation- blood transporting gases, nutrients etc, regulation- blood regulates homeostasis like temperature, pH, and electrolyte levels, coagulation- coagulateso solidify in response to an injury through the use of enzymes and other proteins, and immunity- white blood cells and antibodies provide immunity by disabling and removing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign compounds.
What are the components of blood and what does each component do?
Plasma- takes nutrients to parts of the body, Leukocytes- fight disease, and infections, Erythrocytes- transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells, Platelets- aid blood clotting.
How are iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia different?
Iron deficiency Anemia is the lack of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin, while Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder that causes misshapen erythrocytes.
What is the difference between bradycardia and tachycardia?
Bradycardia is when a heart rate is below 60 bpm, while Tachycardia is when a contraction of ventricles or atria at a rate of above 100 bpm.
A hematoma is commonly called, what are they?
A contusion/bruise.
Blood pressure has two parts, what are they?
There is a systolic pressure, which is the peak pressure caused by the contraction of the ventricles in the heart. And there is a Diastolic pressure which is the low pressure caused by the refilling of the ventricles in the heart.
Which body system is diabetes a disorder of? What is the difference between type 1 and type 2?
Diabetes is a part of the digestive system. Type one is where the insulin producing cells of pancreas are destroyed. Type two is caused by the body not responding to insulin normally and is genetic.
If someone was diagnosed with a peptic ulcer, where would that ulcer be located?
Peptic ulcers occur in the stomach.
Acid reflux is commonly called what?
Heartburn.
Describe the three disorders which impact skin color.
Cyanosis-bluing of the skin caused by poor circulation or low oxygen levels.
Jaundice- yellowing of the skin due to the liver not filtering bilirubin.
Albinism- A genetic disorder that prevents the body from making melanin.
List and briefly describe the functions of the digestive system.
a. Takes food into body.
b. Separates food into smaller pieces.
c. Breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules.
d. Releases water, enzymes and acids to aid digestion.
e. Puts simple compounds from food into bloodstream.
f. Removes waste and undigested food from body.
Which digestive system disorder is airborne and highly contagious, and has a vaccination available for it?
Mumps.
Briefly describe the functions of skeletal muscle.
a. Contracts and pulls bones.
b. Protects abdominal organs.
c. Guards digestive and urinary systems‘ openings
d. Generates heat.
Describe the process of bone growth (ossification).
Early fetal growth – first two months made of hyaline cartilage. Called model because bones form inside.
Ossification – during months two and three bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage.
Fontanelles – by eighteenth month large spaces between cranium bones filled with hyaline cartilage close.
Childhood – osteoblasts form sponges bone in diaphysis, going towards epiphyses.
Adolescence – epiphyseal plate is last region of growth.Growth continues if plate is open and producing cartilage.
Adulthood – epiphyseal plates ossify, leaving epiphyseal line.
Which muscle disorder causes paralyzation and has nearly been eradicated from the world?
Polio
What is the difference between a simple fracture, a compound fracture, and a greenstick fracture?
Simple fracture – bone does not exit the skin.
Compound fracture – bone breaks through the skin or shatters.
Greenstick fracture – incomplete break.
Describe the three layers of the skin.
Epidermis – made of living and dead cells.
Dermis – contains blood vessels, glands and hair.
Hypodermis – Contains adipose tissue.
Describe the function of the integumentary (skin) system.
a. Protects against impact, chemical exposure, sunlight andescape of body fluids
b. Prevents hypothermia and overheating
c. Stores energy in adipose
d. Detects touch, pressure, pain and temperature
e. Releases salt, water and organic wastesHdkuvfeyvdgvrgy
In which layer of the skin would hair be found?
Dermis.
In which layer would fat (adipose tissue) be found?
Hypodermis.
In what direction do skin cells grow?
Upward.
In what type of climate would it be beneficial to have more melanin? In which climate would it be beneficial to have less?
More melanin is good for warmer climates and less melanin isgood for colder climates.
Describe the functions of the respiratory system.
a. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Cleans and moistens air before it reaches lungs
c. Vibrates vocal cords to produce sounds.
List the steps of inhalation and exhalation.
Inhalation:
a. Diaphragm contracts and moves down
b. Intercostal muscles contract to expand ribcage
c. Lung volume increases and lung pressure decreases
d. Air moves in to equalize pressure
Exhalation:
a. Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
b. Intercostal muscles relax to shrink ribcage
c. Lung volume decreases and lung pressure decreases
d. Air moves out to equalize pressure
What are the 3 non-respiratory airway movements we talked about in class?
Cough, sneeze and hiccups.
Someone who has been smoking for a long time is likely to develop which respiratory disorder?
Smoker’s cough.
A pneumothorax is often called what?
Collapsed lung.
What happens if someone starts their car in a closed garage?
Carbon monoxide.
How are bronchitis and asthma different?
Asthma is the narrowing of airways with excess mucus and causes a whistling sound when breathing and shortness of breath. Bronchitis is the inflammation of bronchi linings and can be caused by an infection or can be lifelong.
Which respiratory system disorder is caused by asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma.
Which muscular system disorder causes atrophy of the muscles?
Muscular dystrophy.
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