CPH Quiz

What are the historical roots of Occupational Therapy (OT) practice?

Community practice is the historical roots of OT.

What was Consolation House?

Opened in New York in 1914 by George Barton.

What was Hull House?

Opened in Chicago in 1915 by Jane Addams and Eleanor Clark Slagle (now a museum).

What were early roles of OT in population health?

Prevention of tuberculosis and blindness.

How did World Wars stimulate OT?

Military personnel affected by "shell shock" (due to horrific poor living conditions during trench warfare) benefited from OT, which spurred the education and training of OT practitioners.

What is the AOTA Vision 2025 statement relevant to CPH?

"Occupational therapy maximizes health, well-being, and quality of life for all people, populations, and communities through effective solutions that facilitate participation in everyday living" (AOTA, 2017, p. 1).

How does OT define "Health and Well-Being" in a broad sense?

Not just access to medical care; dependent on where we live, social connections, our occupations, and our communities. OT practitioners need to consider a broad definition of health and how OT can promote it.

Define "Community."

"A specific group of people, often living in the same geographical area, who share a common culture, values and norms, are arranged in a social structure according to relationships, which the community has developed over a period of time" (WHO, 1998, p. 5).

Define "Community-based practice."

Health-related services like prevention and health promotion, acute and chronic medical care, habilitation and rehabilitation, and direct and indirect service provision (Scaffa & Reitz, 2020, p. 7).

Define "Population."

An aggregate of people who may or may not know each other but share at least one common characteristic such as age, race, ethnicity, gender, health habit or condition, geographic location, cultural identity, socioeconomic status, or education level (Scaffa & Reitz, 2020, p. 8).

Define "Population health."

The health outcome of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group (Kindig & Stoddart, 2003, p. 380).

List some roles for OT practitioners in Community and Population Health.

Community health advocate, case manager, primary care provider, program manager, entrepreneur, consultant.

What is a "Paradigm" in the context of a discipline?

A conceptual framework that allows the explanation and investigation of phenomena. It is the “cultural core of the discipline” and “provides professional identity” (Kielhofner, 1997, p. 17).

What is a "Paradigm shift"?

When a discipline abandons one view of the world for another, it has undergone a revolution, a radical conceptual restructuring.

List the historical paradigm shifts in OT.

1. Moral Treatment (Preparadigm), 2. Paradigm of Occupation, 3. Crisis, 4. Medical Model Paradigm (Reductionism), 5. Crisis, 6. Community and Population Health Paradigm.

What are the key characteristics of the Community and Population Health Practice Paradigm for OT?

Client-centered, occupation-based, supported with evidence, based on dynamic systems theory, ecologically sound, and strengths-based.

What language shifts should OT practitioners make in community settings?

Use client (rather than patient), intervention (rather than treatment), and funding (rather than reimbursement).

What skills are needed for Community and Population Health Practice?

Organizational skills, networking skills, program planning and evaluation skills, public relations skills, and grant-writing skills.

Define "Social determinants of health."

Conditions into which a person is born (e.g., social, economic, and physical) that have an impact on health, functioning, and quality of life (USDHHS, 2019a).

Define "Health disparities."

"Particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage" (USDHHS, 2011b, para. 6).

Define "Public health."

"The critical functions of state and local health departments, such as preventing epidemics [e.g., infectious disease outbreaks], containing environmental hazards [e.g., drinking water contamination], and encouraging healthy behaviors [e.g., smoking cessation]" (Kindig, n.d., para. 1).

Define "Epidemiology."

"Study of the distribution, frequencies, and determinants of disease, injury, and disability in human populations" (MacMahon & Trichopoulos, 1996).

Define "Incidence."

"Number of new cases of disease, injury, or disability within a specified time frame, typically a year" (Pickett & Hanlon, 1990).

Define "Prevalence."

"Total number of cases of disease, injury, or disability in a community, city, state, or nation existing at one point in time" (Pickett & Hanlon, 1990).

Define "Risk factors."

"Precursors that increase an individual’s or population’s vulnerability to developing a disease or disability or sustaining an injury" (Scaffa, 1998).

Name key supporters for Community and Population Health.

World Health Organization (WHO), Healthy People 2020, Healthy People 2030, AOTA Vision 2025.

What is the Healthy People 2020/2030 implementation framework?

MAP-IT (Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, Track).

Define "Community health interventions" and give an OT example.

"Any combination of educational, social, and environmental supports for behavior conducive to health" (Green & Anderson, 1982, p. 3). Example: Promoting safe driving with a CarFit program.

Define "Health promotion" and give an OT example.

"The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health" (WHO, 1986, p. 1). Example: An OT designing culturally appropriate materials on developmental milestones for recently resettled refugee families.

What is Primary Prevention? Give an OT example.

Preventing problems before symptoms appear. Example: An educational program for health professionals on the impact of alcohol-exposed pregnancies to help ensure women do not consume alcohol while pregnant.

What is Secondary Prevention? Give an OT example.

Early identification of asymptomatic disease to initiate treatment or cure. Example: Infants born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome are identified in order to ensure referral to early intervention services.

What is Tertiary Prevention? Give an OT example.

Aimed at slowing the progression of confirmed disease. Example: A child diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome receives school-based services and has a 504 plan.

Define "Preventive occupation."

"Application of occupational science in the prevention of disease and disability and the promotion of health and well-being of individuals and communities through meaningful engagement in occupations" (Scaffa, 2001, p. 44). Example: The Well Elderly Study.

What are some goals of OT in health promotion and prevention?

Prevent or reduce the incidence of illness or disease, accidents, injuries, and disabilities in the population; reduce health disparities; enhance mental health, resiliency, and quality of life; prevent secondary conditions and improve the overall health and well-being of people with chronic conditions or disabilities and their caregivers; promote healthy living practices, social participation, occupational justice, and healthy communities, with respect for cross-cultural issues and concerns (AOTA, 2013, p. S48).

What are the four components of the Community-Centered Practice Framework?

Community identity, community occupations, community resources and barriers, and participation enablement.

How does population health differ from the medical model?

Population health demands efforts to actively promote the well-being of the whole population, moving beyond the medical model of health-care delivery.

What does the Ottawa Charter (WHO, 1986) assert about health?

"Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love".

Define "Health inequities."

Inequalities in education, job choice, and income, as well as differential access to transportation, housing, healthy physical environments, and public safety (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017).

Define "Occupational balance."

Engaging in relatively equal amounts of work, self-care, rest, and leisure occupations.

Define "Occupational justice."

"The right to participate in a range of occupations that enable them to flourish, fulfil their potential and experience satisfaction in a way consistent with their culture and beliefs" (World Federation of Occupational Therapists, 2006, p. 1).

Explain the concept of "Doing" in an occupational perspective.

Everything of meaning that people do in their daily lives.

Explain the concept of "Being" in an occupational perspective.

People’s essential nature;