Intro to CSD Exam 2

UCA Dr. Thao's Intro to CSD Fall 2023

literacy

the use of visual modes of communication; ex: reading and writing

False

(T/F) Reading and writing are just speech in print.

encoding, decoding, and comprehending

What three abilities are involved in literacy?

60%

What percent of children with language impairment may have problems with literacy and may lack preliteracy skills?

illiteracy or acquired loss of language skills from neuropathology

What are the two main types of literacy problems in adulthood?

decoding and text comprehension

What two abilities are involved in reading?

encoding and comprehension

What two abilities are involved in writing?

decoding

segmenting a word into its component sounds and blending together to form a word; phonological skills are essential

phonological awareness

knowledge of sounds, syllables, and sound structure of words

phonemic awareness

ability to manipulate sounds (e.g. blending, segmenting)

reading and spelling

What two skills are highly related to phonological awareness?

syntax, morphology semantics, pragmatics

What three things are needed for comprehension?

language and experience

What is needed to interpret a message?

emerging literacy

term referring to the period of time during early speech and language development in which children learn skills that are important to the development of literacy; begins with social interactions

social interactions

What does emerging literacy begin with?

reading and pretending to read

Children with good language seem to enjoy _______________.

notice phonological similarities and appreciate rhyming

What literacy skills do children around the age of four have? (2)

develop the basic decoding skills

What literacy skill does children from Kindergarten - 2nd grade have? (1)

automatic/fluent reading and shifting to reading to learn

What literacy skills do children around 3rd grade typically have? (2)

dyslexia

literacy disorder in which the person has poor word recognition and decoding; have problems with phonological processing

hyperlexia

literacy disorder in which the person has poor comprehension skills, but has typical to above average decoding (ex: can read, but can’t understand what they just read)

reading impairments

Children with language impairments are at risk for what other type of impairment?

language impairment

impairment in which the person begins with less language and has difficulty catching up, resulting in poor comprehension and metalinguistic skills

metalinguistic

the ability to think and discuss language

questionnaires, interviews, referrals, and screening

What are the four assessments that can be done to measure ones literacy development?

standardized reading assessment, oral language samples, analysis of miscues, and written story retelling

What are the four specific tests included in reading assessment?

cat & hat

What is an example of rhyming?

say stall without saying /s/

What is a segmentation example?

change /k/ sound in cat to /h/

What is a substitution example?

blend /b/, /a/, /l/

What is a blending example?

rhming

words or phrases that have or end with an identical or corresponding sound to one another

segmentation

identifying the individual sounds (phonemes) in a word

substitution

one or more sounds are interchanged for another

blending

the ability to join speech sounds together to make words

cultural and linguistic background

What is incredibly important to consider when analyzing word recognition?

curriculum-based measures

a method used to find out how students are progressing in reading, writing, and spelling; done with and without clues; noting all error, error types, and attempts to sound out words

observation and interpretation

To assess word recognition, what two things are extremely important?

oral language and knowledge of narrative & text grammar schemes

What two things are assessed when assessing text comprehension?

aphasia

a language disorder that is acquired sometime after an individual has developed language competence; literally “without language”

over 1 million

How many people does aphasia affect in the US?

cause, location/extent/age of brain injury, & age/general health of patient

What three things affect the severity of aphasia?

fluent and non-fluent

What are the two types of aphasia?

fluent aphasia

type of aphasia in which patient exhibits word substitutions, neologism, and often verbose verbal output; aka Wernicke’s aphasia

posterior lesions in the left hemisphere

Where is the site of lesion in fluent aphasia?

lesion

a region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease

neologism

a new word whose meaning may be known only to the patient using it

non-fluent aphasia

type of aphasia in which patient exhibits slow, labored speech, word retrieval, syntactic problems, and telegraphic speech; aka Broca’s aphasia

Wernicke’s aphasia

What is the other name for fluent aphasia?

Broca’s aphasia

What is the other name for non-fluent aphasia?

telegraphic speech

speech in which the function words are omitted; characteristic of non-fluent aphasia

in or near the frontal lobe

Where is the site of lesion in non-fluent aphasia?

stroke

What is the primary etiological factor that causes aphasia?

0.5 million

How many Americans are annually affected by strokes?

100,000

How many of the 0.5 million Americans annually affected by strokes become aphasic?

stroke

a condition caused by blockage or bursting of an artery

Ischemic stroke

type of stroke in which there is blocked blood flow to part of the brain

Hemorrhagic stroke

type of stroke in which there is weakened vessel wall ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

What are the two types of strokes?

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

disruption in normal functioning caused by a blow or jolt to the head or penetrating injury; can affect orientation, memory, attention, reasoning and problem solving, executive functioning, pragmatics, speech, voice, & swallowing

falls, motor vehicle accidents, blows to the head, assaults

What are the four leading causes of TBI?

2.8 million

How many people sustain TBI annually?

males

Do males or females sustain TBI more often?

orientation, memory, attention, reasoning and problem solving, executive functioning, pragmatics, speech, voice, & swallowing

What are the nine main affects of TBI?

pragmatics

What is the most disturbed language area for TBI?

dementia

intellectual decline due to neurological causes

language function most dependent on memory

What is most affected by dementia?

memory, reasoning, judgement, abstract thinking, attending to relevant info, communication, personality

What seven things are most impaired from dementia?

15%

What percent of the elderly experience dementia?

20%

What percent of the elderly diagnosed with dementia respond to treatment?

cortical and subcortical

Name the two types of dementia.

cortical dementia

a type of dementia that arises from a disorder affecting the cerebral cortex; ex: Alzheimer’s and Pick’s

Alzheimer’s and Pick’s

Name two examples of cortical dementia.

subcortical dementia

a type of dementia that results from dysfunction in the parts of the brain that are beneath the cortex; ex: multiple scierosis AIDS-related encephalopathy, Parkinsons, Huntington’s

multiple scierosis AIDS-related encephalopathy, Parkinsons, Huntington’s

Name four type of subcortical dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease

a type of cortical dementia that affects primarily memory, language, or visuospatial skills; cause is unknown, but probably combination of genetic and environmental; presence of neurofilaments & plaques

plaque

buildup that causes extensive damage to hippocampus and cortex

check medical history, interview with client and family, check hearing, direct speech & language testing, and counseling

What are the five steps of assessment of dementia?

aid recovery and provide compensatory strategies

What are the two goals of dementia interviention?

augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

the communication methods used to supplement or replace speech or writing for those with impairments in the production or comprehension of spoken or written language; includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, sign language, communication books, and tablets

fluent speech

consistent ability to move speech production in an effortless, smooth, rapid manner, resulting in a continuous, uninterrupted, forward flow of speech

stuttering speech

involuntary repetitions of sounds and syllables, sound prolongation, and broken words; maybe genetically linked

1%

What is the percent of incidence of stuttering speech?

65-75%

What ranged percent of children naturally recover from stuttering?

hesitations, revisions, interruptions

What are three typical speech issues children who stutter exhibit?

2

An increase in disfluent speech begins around age ______, improving after age 3.

core behavior

the main characteristics and behavior typical of a disorder

secondary behavior

the characteristics and behavior that are side effects of the disorder and are caused by the core behavior

speech disfluencies

The core behavior of stuttering emphasizes _______________ as the original & primary source of communicative difficulty experienced by individuals with fluency disorders.

part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, block

What are three core behaviors of stuttering?

blinking, exaggerated movements, interjected speech fragments, and facial grimacing

What are four secondary characteristics of stuttering? (BEIG)

developmental stuttering

the most common form of stuttering; begins in the preschool years; onset is gradual, increasing in severity; usually occurs on content words (nouns and verbs) and initial syllables

content words

words that carry the most meaning when we speak, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

function words

words that have very little meaning, such as prepositions, articles, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs

neurogenic stuttering

type of stuttering typically associated with neurological disease or trauma; usually occurs on function words, widely dispersed through utterance; has NO secondary characteristics; shows NO improvement with repeated readings or singings

developmental and neurogentic

Name the two types of stuttering discussed in the lecture.

developmental stuttering occurs on content words and initial syllables and neurogenic stuttering occurs on function words and through utterance

What is the difference between the way developmental and neurogenic stuttering sound?

four

How many phases are there in the stuttering developmental framework?

phase 1

Which phase of the stuttering developmental framework fits these characteristics?

-2-6 years of age

-sound/syllable repetitions most common

-generally, the child is not aware of or bothered by their stuttering

phase 2

Which phase of the stuttering developmental framework fits these characteristics?

-elementary age

-stuttering on content words more habitual

-child is aware of their stuttering and refers to self as a stutterer

phase 3

Which phase of the stuttering developmental framework fits these characteristics?

-8 years - young adulthood

-stuttering is in response to situations, such as strangers or speaking in front of a crowd

-little fear, avoidance, or embarrassment regarding their stuttering