Global Politics U3 AoS 1 only

Aim of states

to maintain sovereignty and security

Aim of states - example

2018 - China alters Article 33 of Xinjian Region Regulations Against Extremism to correct behaviour linked to extremism - nat sec

roles of states

to provide security and order
to participate in global governance

ICC roles - influence state policies to detain individuals they are seeking to prosecute

2015 - Niger detained and transferred al-Mahdi to the Hague for hearing and sentencing

TNC - Apple 2022 revenue and profit

revenue of $394.3 bn
profit of $99.8 bn

non-state actors (amnesty international) aims - to conduct impartial and accurate research and generate action

2019 - "write for rights" and #savehakeem campaigns to pressure Thai authorities to release him
mobilised 10 million members

non-state actors (islamic state) - Philippines

2023 - attack on Catholic mass that killed 4 to destroy Christianity
called for recruits on social media shortly afterwards -> control over predominately Muslim region
claimed attacks in region increased in 2023 compared to 2014

Cosmopolitanism: A desire amongst global actors to ________ to reach ________ __________and ________ to ________ ________ presented to the global community

Cosmopolitanism: A desire amongst global actors to cooperate to reach common goals and outcomes to meet challenges presented to the global community

roles of states - to provide security and order example

2018 - China alters Article 33 of Xinjian Region Regulations Against Extremism to correct behaviour linked to extremism. 1 million Uighurs detained as of 2021, HRW

Roles of states - to participate in global governance

2015 - President Xi announces additional 8,000 troops to UN Peacekeeping force

in ______ Russia had _________ troops near the border and in Crimea to maintain control and order

2021; 100,000; Diplomat Josep Borrell

EU referencing the referendum in Crimea

"illegal and illegitimate and its outcome will not be recognised" 2014

UN GAR on territorial integrity of Ukraine

GAR A/RES/68/262 calls on states to not recognise referendum

Regional Grouping - Hungary positive

2018 - separate administrative courts
EU criticises for violating Article 1 of EU charter
2019 - Hungary abandons law

Regional Grouping - Poland positive

2022 - EU activates Temporary Protection Directive requiring all states to abide by resettlement quotas and accept Ukrainian refugees
2023 - Poland accepted 1.5 million Ukrainians granting access to public healthcare system -> article 23 of Refugee Convention

Regional Groupings - Hungary negative (Serbia)

2020 - EU ruled Hungary's practise of escorting Undocumented migrants back to Serbia violated Article 18 of EU Charter, Right to asylum, called on state to end practise
- threatened to revoke voting rights under article 7 of EU Treaty
2021 - sent a further 2346 people (Reuters, 2021)

Regional Groupings - Hungary negative (Ukraine)

2022 - adopted government decree 86/2022: provides protection to non-Ukrainian residents of Ukraine according to general rules
general rules: nobody has right to asylum unless they have a valid travel pass from embassy -> Article 18 of EU Charter

Issues requiring multilateral resolution - France

2015 - committed to reducing GHG emissions by 40% by 2030 to be carbon neutral by 2050
2020 - deferred commitment
- PA lacks formal penalties for non-compliance

Issues requiring multilateral resolution - Germany

2019 - adopted Climate Action Law, Section 3 part 1: reduce GHG emissions by 55% by 2030 to be carbon neutral by 2050

Issues requiring multilateral resolution - US

2017 - withdrew from PA, undermining legitimacy of treaty
would "undermine" the US economy and put it at a "permanent disadvantage"
no penalties for non-compliance or withdrawal

UN aims

to promote international peace and security
to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems

UN aims - to promote international peace and security

2022 - GAR ES/11-1 demanded Russia "immediately, unconditionally, completely" withdraw from Ukraine
call on Russia to end the armed conflict, thus restoring peace and security

UN aims - to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems

2022- brokered ceasefire deal between Houthis and Saudi Arabia
"sharp reduction in hostilities" (Al Jazeera, 2023)

UN roles

to act as a forum for debate
to utilize its specialised branches

UN roles - to act as a forum for debate

2022 - UN GAR ES-11/1 -> 141 votes in favour
united front against Russia and delegitimises invasion

UN roles - to utilize its specialised branches

2023 - UN SCR 2722 strongly condemns Houthi attacks in Red Sea and demands the release of Galaxy Leader's crew

UN - power

ability to maintain peace and security

States - power

ability to maintain effective state sovereignty
ability to influence the actions of another global actor

UN - Yemen civil war backstory

late 2014 - Houthis take control of capital and become government
saudi arabia launches intervention with 9 other states

In April of ______, UN brokered a ceasefire between the _____________ and _____________ causing a "____________________________"

2022; houthis; saudi arabia; sharp reduction in hostilities (Al jazeera)

UN adopted SCR ___________ which facilitated the mass prisoner swap of __________ prisoners

2451; 800

UN SCR - Houthi attacks in Red Sea

SCR 2722 strongly condemns attacks on Red Sea and demands release of Galaxy Leader Crew
2024 - refuses to release unless approved by Palestinian Hamas

UN ceasefire limitations

2024 - Houthis announce it will break deal if Saudi Arabia endorse US-coalition supporting Israel

UN limitations - Iranian intervention

won't accept deal unless "will end up consolidating and entrenching Houthi power" (Juneau, University of Ottawa, 2022)

UN limitations - humanitarian crisis

Houthi blockade in the middle of humanitarian crisis
blocks flow of goods and services including medical aid and food (Britannica, 2023)
price hikes and lack of hospital resources exacerbate crisis by increasing casualties and increasing distrust

UN limitations - Saudi Arabian intervention

airstrike campaign deliberately targets civilians and buildings -> war crimes under Article 8 of Rome Statute
2023 - Houthis retaliate by striking national oil factory killed 3 and injuring 6 (HRW, 2023)

UN - Ukraine Black Sea Grain Deal

Russia food and fertilizer exported from Ukrainian ports to Istanbul with Ukraine guiding vessels through international waters to avoid mined areas
without, increases threat of famine in low-income states and price hikes for food
crisis diplomacy

UN GAR ES-11/3

Russia to be removed from UNHRC after being accused of war crimes - left voluntarily
93 in favour of suspending russia
"russia will be held accountable" UN Ambassador, 2022

UN - Ukraine Black Sea Grain Deal limitations

was not renewed in 2023

UN SCR vetoed - Russia recognition of territory

2022 - Russia vetoed resolution calling on states to not recognise territory gained by Russia as a result of invasion

IMF aims

to promote international financial stability and monetary cooperation
to help reduce poverty

IMF aims - to promote international financial stability and monetary cooperation

2014 - loaned Ukraine $17 bn to prevent economic crisis following annexation of Crimea
economic reforms and removal of gas subsidies

IMF aims - to reduce poverty

2018 - conditional loan of $57 bn to Argentina
cut budget deficits and control inflation to reduce poverty

IMF roles

lending money to member states who are experiencing actual or potential balance of payment problems
provide technical assistance to help build better economic institutions

IMF roles - lending money

2014 - loaned Ukraine $17 bn to prevent economic crisis following annexation of Crimea
economic reforms and removal of gas subsidies

IMF roles - technical assistance

2015 - $1.5 bn to Sri Lanka
tech assistance for taxation system reforms

IMF power

ability to influence economic agendas of states
conditional loans force states to adhere to individual adjustment programs

IMF - Ukraine (Crimea)

2014 - pledged $17bn conditional loan on premise of cutting gas subsidies, tax reform and establishing anti-criminal court
technical assistance provided

IMF- Ukraine: GDP growth returned to _________ from ________ indicating stable economic growth after a deep recession

4.2%; 6.6%

IMF- Ukraine: Poverty rates decreased from ________ to _________ in ________

6.3%; 4.6%; 2018 (World Bank, 2018)

IMF- Ukraine (Crimea) delays

2018 - removed gas subsidies for industrial market
2019 - established anti-corruption court

IMF - Ukraine

2023 - $15.6 bn conditional loan over 4 years
control fiscal situation
maintain price and exchange rate stability

IMF on Ukraine's cooperation

2023: "authorities have made strong progress"
2024: "economy remained resilient... the outlook remains exceptionally uncertain"

IMF - Sri lanka

2015 - $1.5 bn to address immediate secure balance of payment difficulties
tax reform, reduce government spenditure, target fiscal deficit of 3.5% of GDP by 2019

IMF - Sri lanka success

fiscal deficit in 2020 was 11.3%, much higher than IMF's 3.5% target

IMF - Sri lanka limitation

2020 - announced it would increase government spenditure and was unable to meet obligations
IMF prematurely ended agreement, Sri Lanka agreed to pay back $1.3bn of original 1.5bn

IMF - Argentina

2018 - $57bn conditional loan
cut budget deficits, control inflation, reduce poverty

IMF - Argentina limitations

2022 - inflation still above 50%, poverty rate increased from 25% to 32% (Financial Times, 2019)

IMF - Argentina refinance limitation

2022 - Argentina defaulted on payments and renegotiated new programme to refinance $44.5 bn of outstanding debt

IMF criticisms

2023 - loans during COVID pandemic were a "glowing failure" and could "possibly reduce their credit rating for years to come" => the IMF needs reform (Antonio Guterres, 2023)
$280 bn for 7 wealthy states and %8bn for least developed

ICC aims

Ensure the worst perpetrators are held accountable for their crimes
Help promote international peace and security by deterring future would-be perpetrators

ICC aims - ensure the worst perpetrators are held accountable for their crimes

convicted 11, 21 detained, 4 acquitted as of 2024

ICC aims - Help promote international peace and security by deterring future would-be perpetrators

2016 - sentenced al-Mahdi to 9 years, deterring future perpetrators

ICC roles

prosecute accused war criminals
influence state policies to detain individuals they are seeking to prosecute

ICC roles - prosecute accused war criminals

2016 - sentenced al-Mahdi to 9 years, deterring future perpetrators
targeting religious sites in Timbuktu, Mali

ICC power

ability to transcend state sovereignty to exercise its legal right and authority
draws power from Rome Statue

ICC - al Mahdi: issued arrest warrant in ______ for "_______ _______ ________ __ _________ ____ __________ _______" in Timbuktu Mal, 2012

ICC - al Mahdi: issued arrest warrant in 2015 for "intentionally directing attacks on religious and historical sites" in Timbuktu Mal, 2012

ICC - al Mahdi arrest reason

war crimes under Article 8 of Rome Statute, was associated with the Islamic Court of Timbuktu

ICC - Omar al Bashir: arrested for ___ crimes against humanity, ___ war crimes, ___ genocide
___ arrest warrants issued for crimes in _____

arrested for 5 crimes against humanity, 2 war crimes, 3 genocide
2 arrest warrants issued for crimes in Sudan

ICC - Omar al Bashir: status

2015 - South Africa detained him then released him
- "breached its international obligations when it failed to detain al-Bashir" Human Rights Lawyer, 2017
2019 - Arrested by Sudanese authorities
2021 - sudan signs agreement with ICC to hand him over -> still yet to

ICC - Bosco Ntaganda: _____ war crimes, ____ crimes against humanity -> attempted rape, murder, sexual slavery

13 war crimes, 5 crimes against humanity -> attempted rape, murder, sexual slavery

ICC - Bosco Ntaganda: sentencing

2019: 30 years

ICC -Putin and Lvova Belova: arrest warrants issued in _____ for war crimes under article 8 of the Rome Statute and article ___ and ____ (forcible transfer of Ukrainian children

arrest warrants issued in 2023 for war crimes under article 8 of the Rome Statute and article 25 and 28 (forcible transfer of Ukrainian children

ICC - Putin limtiation

2024 - Invited to member state Mongolia without being detained
2024 - South Africa lobbied Putin to stay in Russia to avoid provoking Putin to declare war on South Africa and expand conflict

TNC aims

to maximise profit
to return dividends to shareholders

TNC aims - to maximise profit

2022 - Apple released AirPods Pro, iPhone 14 pro contributing to annual revenue of $394.3 bn
yearly releases of iPhones keeps upgrade cycle going, and thus profit rolling in

TNC aims - to return dividends to shareholders

2018 - increased dividends from 63c to 73c per share after favourable tax cuts

TNC roles

to extend economic and political power though trade, investments and employment
to provide goods and services globally

TNC roles - to extend economic and political power though trade, investments and employment

2018 - announced intention to invest $350bn in US over 5 years and create 20,000 jobs, incentivising the Trump admin to grant one-off tax reduction of 35% to 15.5% (Bloomberg, 2018)

TNC power

ability to influence state policy through economic power

TNC - Apple announcement

2018 - announced intent to invest $350 bn in US over 5 years, create 20,000 jobs and invest in next gen tech innovation
corporate tax rate reduction from 35% to 15.5% (Bloomberg, 2018)

TNC - Apple: tax reduction increased divideneds from ___ to ____ per share

63c; 73c (Reuters, 2018)

TNC - Apple 2021 third quarter profit

$217bn

TNC - Apple lobbying

2022 - spent $4.6 mn in first half of year lobbying
2020 - spend $6.65 mn on lobbying including to prevent adopting of Uyghur Forced Labour Prevention Act, passed in 2021

TNC - Apple anti-competitive act

2021 - American Innovation and Choice Online Act proposed to limit Apple in engaging in anti-competitive behaviour
not yet passed by congress

TNC - Apple: driver of innovation

2021 - invest $420 bn in 5G development, next gen silicon innovation, 20,000 jobs
end of 2022 - 164,000 fullt time employees globally

TNC -Apple: predators and exploitative of host states

2019 - Chinese Labour Watch accuses Apple of exploiting labour law loopholes
exposed workers to toxic chemicals, forced labour, overworking staff
2021 - Campaign for Accountability filed formal complaint over Apple's use of forced labour in Xinjiang region
- 7 apple suppliers accused

TNC - role of globalisation

enables Apple to set up global supply chains and sell products on global market
overseas manufacturers ensures effective and cost-effective supply chains
economic power facilitated by globalisation to influence us tax agendas and policies and lobby

non-state actors (amnesty international) aims

to prevent the grave abuse of human rights
to conduct impartial and accurate research and generate action

non-state actors (amnesty international) aims - to prevent the grave abuse of human rights

2019 - Pressured Thai authorities to release Hakeem al-Araibi, preventing violation of Article 33 of Refugee Convention and his right to be free from torture in Bahrain

non-state actors (amnesty international) roles

research
start campaigns to generate action and raise awareness

non-state actors (amnesty international) roles - research

2019 - research into Hakeem al-Araibi's case reveals potential violation of human rights and international law

non-state actors (amnesty international) roles - start campaigns to generate action and raise awareness

2018 - started campaign to raise awareness for Yezidis kidnapped by the Islamic State militants in 2014

non-state actors (amnesty international) power

ability to influence governments through lobbying and creating pressure

non-state actors (amnesty international): Hakeem al-araibi

2019 - research into Hakeem al-Araibi's case reveals potential violation of human rights and international law
"write for rights" and #savehakeem campaigns to pressure Thai authorities to release him, mobilised 10 million members
released in 2019 preventing grave abuse of human rights

non-state actors (amnesty international): justice for Yezidis

2018 - social media campaign to raise awareness of thousands of Yazidis killed by IS in 2014
2020 - published Legacy of Terror report on child survivors to raise awareness and pursue justice for victims
2021 - Iraqi gov adopted Yazidi's Survivors Law -> framework for compensation for survivors
nov 2021 - AI says more to be done

non-state actors (amnesty international): Iran death penalty

2022 - published press release calling on Iran to end use of death penalty
Dec 8th 2022 to Jan 7th 2023 - 4 civilians killed because of connection to Mahsa Amini's death in custody protests
2023 - UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: death penalty is "weaponised by the government to punish individuals participating in protests to strike fear"
right to life and free speech

non-state actors (islamic state) aims

to establish a caliphate
to destroy all who oppose their religion and interpretation of the Quoran

non-state actors (islamic state) aims - to establish a caliphate

prior to 2019 - 100,000km of territory in iraq and Syria captured by conventional tactics

non-state actors (islamic state) aims - to destroy all those who oppose their religion and interpretation of the quoran

2019 - Moscow shooting to destroy Christians, approx 139 dead