XII. HIGHER NERVOUS FUNCTIONS

1. The passage of information from short-term memory to the long-lasting

one is called:

a) consolidation;

b) habituation;

c) sensitization;

d) sensory aphasia;

e) motor aphasia.

a

2. The concrete-elementary mode of thinking is based on:

a) the second signaling system;

b) the first signaling system;

c) voice signaling;

d) balance between first and second signal systems;

e) the written speech.

b

3. In case of damage to which of the listed structures are monitored

changes in the ability to remember:

a) temporal lobes and nucl. caudatus;

b) some nuclei of the thalamus and hippocampus;

c) nucl. caudatus and hypothalamus;

d) Wernicke's and Broca's fields;

e the reticular formation of the brainstem.

b

4. Areas of the cerebral cortex associated with speech:

a) are located in the right precentral gyrus;

b) are located in the left precentral gyrus;

c) are located in the dominant hemisphere;

d) occupy large areas of the occipital lobes;

e) are the primary and secondary auditory zones.

c

5. Habituation and sensitization are:

a)types of non-associative learning;

b) types of associative learning;

c) habituation is a non-associative

learning;

type, and sensitization is associative

d) habituation is a type of associative, and sensitization is non associative

learning;

e) in both cases it is a conditioned reflex.

a

6. Conditioned reflexes are:

a) acquired, individual, based on unconditioned, at

non-support disappear;

b) innate, individual, based on unconditioned,at

non-support disappear;

c) acquired, specie related, based on unconditioned, in the absence of

support disappear;

d) innate, species specific, not based on unconditioned,in the absence of

support they do not disappear;

e) acquired, individual, not based

a

7. The understanding of listening and written speech and the expression of

thoughts in verbal form is carried out through the activity of

nerve cells in:

a Wernicke's area and Broca's field;

b) Wernicke's zone;

c) Broca's field;

d) the prefrontal association area and the motor cortex;

e) the limbic association cortex.

a

8. The understanding of listening and written speech is carried out

through the activity of nerve cells in:

a) Wernicke's area and Broca's field;

b) Wernicke's zone;

c) Broca's field;

d)the prefrontal association area and the motor cortex;

e) the limbic association cortex.

b

9. Regarding the function of the cerebral hemispheres:

a) the parietal lobes are involved in pain perception;

b) the frontal areas are involved in eye perception;

c) damage to the temporal lobes can cause Failure of object recognition;

d)the right parietal lobe is important for speech comprehension;

e) a, and b.

a

e:Regarding speech:

a) in left-handed people the faculty of speechis mainly locatedin the

right hemisphere;

b)individuals affected by Broca's aphasia are able to speak only

with difficulty;

c) in right-handed people the faculty of speech is mainly located in the

left hemisphere;

d) an individual with Broca's aphasia will have paralysis of the lips and

tongue;

e) Wernike's aphasia results from damage to the frontal speech area.

b

11. Regarding the electroencephalogram (EEG):

a) the normal EEG of an awake person is dominated by alpha waves;

b) during deep sleep the EEG is always dominated by delta waves;

c) the presence of theta waves in the EEG of an awake child is indicative

of cerebral pathology;

d) the EEG can be used to monitor the bioelectrical activity of the

brain;

e) none of the above.

d

12. Regarding sleep:

a) reflects the intrinsic circadian rhythm of the brain;

b) slow wave sleep is associated with rapid eye movements;

c) young adults need less sleep than elderly individuals;

d) during normal sleep the secretion of growth hormone is decreased;

e) women need less sleep than men.

a

12. Regarding sleep:

a) reflects the intrinsic circadian rhythm of the brain;

b) slow wave sleep is associated with rapid eye movements;

c) young adults need less sleep than elderly individuals;

d) during normal sleep the secretion of growth hormone is decreased;

e) women need less sleep than men.

d

14. What regions of the brain are involved in emotional reactions?

a) the frontal cortex;

b) cerebral cortex;

c) thalamus;

d) limbic system;

e)the parietal cortex.

d

15. At what level the section of the spinal cord causes sudden death?

a) I thoracic segment;

b) I- 11 cervical segment;

c) IV lumbar segment;

d) VIII thoracic segment;

e) lumbar segment.

b

16.Which are the functions of the brain stem?

a) control of defecation;

b) control of sexual functions;

c) control of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems;

d) control of micturition;

e) none of the above.

e

17. The primary motor cortex, Broca's area, and the premotor area are

located in which lobe?

a) frontal;

b) parietal;

c) temporal;

d) occipital;

e) prefrontal.

a

18. In the medulla oblongata the following centers are located:

a) vasomotor;

b) respiratory;

c) emesis and coughing;

d)sneezing;

e) all of the above.

e

19. Lesions of which of the following nucleicause hypothalamicobesity;

a) ventromedialnucleus;

b) dorsomedial nucleus;

c) suprachiasmaticnucleus;

d) supraoptic nucleus;

e) paraventricular nucleus.

a

20, Loss of fear and emotion is often observed in thelesion at:

a) septal nucleus;

b)thalamus;

c) amygdaloidal nucleus;

d) sensory cortex;

e) basal ganglia.

c

21. The Renshaw cells:

a) receive recurrent collaterals from motor neurons and inhibit

other motor neurons in the vicinity;

b) represent the inhibitory system of cerebellum;

C) are a major component of muscle spindle;

d) are present in retina;

e) are present in the basal ganglia.

a

22. Premotor cortex refers to:

a) some areas anterior to primary motor cortex causing complex coordinate

movements like speech, eye movements;

b) an area of motor cortex responsible for voluntary movements;

c) an area in temporal cortex;

d) an area of cerebellum and the temporal cortex;

e) an area in the frontal cortex.

a

23. Functions of limbic system are all the following except:

a) olfaction;

b) gustation;

c) feeding behaviour;

d) sexual behaviour;

e) vision.

b

24. REMis:

a) characterised by delta waves on EEG;

b) a sound and dreamless sleep;

c) characterised by total lack of muscular activity;

d)referredto as paradoxical sleep;

e) characterised by alfa waves on ECG.

d

25. Sleep deprivation:

a) can cause psychotic episodes;

b) is associated wit sluggishness of thoughts;

c) makes a person more alert;

d) has no effect on the individual;

e) can cause reduction in arterial pressure.

a

26. The naked nerve endings are

a) pain;

responsible for the sensation of:

b) touch;

c) hearing;

d) vision;

e) olfaction.

a

27. In a healthy adult sitting with eyes closed the EEG rhythm registered

with electrodes on the occipital lobes is:

a) alpha rythm;

b) theta rythm;

c) delta rythm;

d) beta rythm;

e) delta, folowed by beta episodes.

a

28. The basal ganglia are primarily concerned with:

a) sensory integration;

b) short term memory;

c) control of movement;

d) neuroendocrine control;

e) control of body temperature.

c

29. Lesions of which of the following hypothalamic nuclei cause loss of

circadian rhythm:

a) ventromedial;

b) dorsomedial;

c) suprachiasmatic;

d) supraoptic;

e) paraventricular.

c

30. Human circadian (24-hour) rhythms:

a) are triggered totally by external(exogenous) factors;

depend more on the integrity of the cerebral cortex than of the

b)

hypothalamus;

c) adapt within 48 hours on changing from day to night shift work;

d) for melatonin secretion produce high night-time and low daytime

levels of the hormone;

e) for the eosinophil count produce peak values around midday.

d

31. Paradoxical (desynchronized) sleep has the following characteristics:

a) itis an active form of sleep usually associated with dreaming and

active bodily muscle movement;

b) is frequently called"dreamless sleep";

c) is associated with decreased in both peripheral vascular tone and

many other vegetative functions of the body;

d) is associated with 10 to 30percent decreases in blood pressure,

respiratory rate and basal metabolic rate (BMR);

e) the patient is easy to arouse by sensory stimuli than during deep slow wave

sleep.

a

32. Drugs that mimic the action of acetylcholine:

a) increase the occurrence of REM-sleep;

b) decrease the occurrence of REM-sleep;

c) increase the duration of slow-wave sleep;

d) cause the appearance of theta-waves in the EEG;

e) have no effect on the sleep.

a

33. The slow-wave sleep is associated with:

a) 10 to 30 percent decrease in blood pressure, respiratory rate, and

basal metabolic rate (BMR);

b) slight increase of the blood pressure, but moderate decrease of

respiration rate, and basal metabolic rate (BMR);

c) decrease in basal metabolic rate (BMR) only;

d) decrease of blood pressure, respiration rate, but increase of basal

metabolic rate (BMR);

e) no changes in blood pressure, respiration rate, and basal metabolic

rate(BMR).

a

34. Intermediate long-term memory is associated with:

a) a duration of seconds to minutes;

b)structural changes which occur in synapses;

c) elaboration of specific protein;

d) mechanism for facilitation and mechanism for habituation;

e) elaboration of more acetylcholine.

d

35. Broca's area provides:

a) control on body movement;

b) control on the short-term memory;

c) the language comprehension ability;

d)the neural circuitry for word formation:

e) the face recognition ability.

d

36. Facial recognition areas are located:

a) on the prefrontal area;

b) on the underside of the brain

lobes; in the medial occipitaland temporal

c) on the Wernicke's area;

d) on the angular gyrus;

e) in the limbic system.

b

37. Wernicke'sarea is important for:

a) naming objects;

b) recognition of faces;

c) interpretation of visual information;

d) analysis of spatial coordinates of the body;

e) language comprehension.

e

38. Narcolepsy is:

a) daytime sleepiness;

b) chronic neurologial disorder caused by the brain's inability to

regulate sleep-wake cycles;

c sleepwalking;

d) periodic limb movement disorder;

e none of the above.

b

39. Which substance is

mechanisms?

produced by the pineal glandand plays role in sleep

a) gama amino butiric acid;

b) melatonin;

c) histamine;

d) serotonin;

e)dopamine.

b

Wakefulness:

a)appears when the activity in acetylcholine-containing reticular

activating system neurons is dominant;

b) appears when the activity of norepinephrine- and serotonin containing

reticular activating system neurons is domonant;

¢) occurs when gama amino butiric acid (GABA) release by reticular

activating system neurons is increased;

d occurs when histamine release by reticular activating system neurons

is decreased;

e) is not in concern with alternating reciprocal activity of different

groups of reticular activating system neurons.

b

41. Melatonin synthesis and secretion:

a)are decreased during the dark period of the day and maintained at a

high level during daylight hours;

b) increased during the dark period of the day and maintained

at high level during daylight hours;

c) are increased during the dark period of the day and maintained at a

low level during daylight hours;

d) have no diurnal change;

e) occur in the liver.

b

42. Slow-wave sleep:

a) is important for the proper work of the nervous system;

b)is basically concerned with energy restoration and storage;

c) is important for memory;

d) occupies over 50% of total sleep time in neonates;

e) declines rapidly with age.

b