1/67
Vocabulary flashcards summarizing key pharmacological terms, drug classes, mechanisms, uses, and cautions from the lecture notes.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Antacids
Basic compounds (aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium salts) that neutralize gastric acid; relieve heartburn, PUD; may cause constipation (Al/Ca) or diarrhea (Mg).
Simethicone
Antiflatulent often combined with antacids to reduce gas and bloating.
Rebound Hyperacidity
Return of stomach acid secretion above baseline after discontinuing calcium-containing antacids.
H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RAs)
Cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine; block histamine-2 receptors on parietal cells, ↓ acid up to 90%.
Cimetidine
First H2RA; inhibits CYP-450, ↑ drug interactions; higher risk of adverse effects in elderly.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Omeprazole, pantoprazole, etc.; irreversibly inhibit gastric H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, block all acid secretion.
Clostridium difficile Risk
Long-term, high-dose PPI use linked to C. difficile infection, fractures, hypomagnesemia.
Sucralfate
Cytoprotective agent that binds ulcer base, forms barrier against acid and pepsin.
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin analog that prevents NSAID-induced ulcers by inhibiting gastric acid secretion.
Adsorbents (Antidiarrheals)
Agents like bismuth subsalicylate; coat GI tract and bind toxins; may cause black tongue/stools.
Opiate Antidiarrheals
Loperamide, diphenoxylate; decrease bowel motility and relieve rectal spasms.
Probiotics
Live Lactobacillus cultures that restore normal intestinal flora and suppress pathogens.
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Psyllium, methylcellulose; absorb water to form viscous gel, promoting peristalsis—safest long-term.
Emollient Laxatives
Stool softeners (docusate) and lubricants (mineral oil) that ease fecal passage by adding water/fat.
Hyperosmotic Laxatives
Lactulose, polyethylene glycol; draw water into colon, causing distention and evacuation.
Saline Laxatives
Magnesium citrate, milk of magnesia; osmotic action draws water into bowel, rapid watery stool.
Stimulant Laxatives
Senna, bisacodyl; stimulate enteric nerves to increase peristalsis; may cause cramping.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Chronic abdominal pain with diarrhea (IBS-D) or constipation (IBS-C); treated with targeted drugs such as alosetron, rifaximin, lubiprostone.
Alosetron
5-HT₃ antagonist for severe IBS-D in women; carries ischemic colitis black-box warning.
Ondansetron
Serotonin (5-HT₃) antagonist used to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting.
Metoclopramide
Prokinetic dopamine antagonist; ↑ GI motility, antiemetic; risk of tardive dyskinesia with long use.
Scopolamine
Anticholinergic patch preventing motion sickness; contraindicated in narrow-angle glaucoma.
Loop Diuretics
Furosemide, bumetanide; inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ resorption in loop of Henle; potent diuresis; risk hypokalemia, ototoxicity.
Thiazide Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide; inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ resorption in distal tubule; first-line for hypertension.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Spironolactone, amiloride; antagonize aldosterone in distal nephron, retain K⁺, risk hyperkalemia.
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic; reduces intracranial pressure, prevents renal failure; may cause pulmonary edema.
Crystalloids
IV solutions (NS, LR) containing water and electrolytes, no proteins; quickly distribute into tissues.
Colloids
Protein-containing IV fluids (albumin, dextran) that expand plasma volume by raising oncotic pressure.
Hyperkalemia
Serum K⁺ > 5.5 mEq/L; causes muscle weakness, arrhythmias; treated with patiromer, insulin + glucose, etc.
Hyponatremia
Serum Na⁺ < 135 mEq/L; symptoms include lethargy, seizures; vaptans (conivaptan, tolvaptan) used in euvolemic cases.
Digoxin
Cardiac glycoside; positive inotrope for HF and AF; narrow therapeutic index, toxicity with hypokalemia.
ACE Inhibitors
Lisinopril, enalapril; block conversion of Ang I to Ang II; beneficial in HF, hypertension; dry cough common.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Losartan, valsartan; block Ang II receptors; used when ACEI not tolerated (no cough).
Beta Blockers in HF
Carvedilol, metoprolol; block sympathetic stimulation, reduce mortality in heart failure.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor (Milrinone)
Inodilator increasing cAMP; short-term IV therapy for acute decompensated HF; risk dysrhythmias.
Amiodarone
Class III antidysrhythmic; prolongs repolarization; black-box for pulmonary/hepatic toxicity.
Warfarin Interaction
Many antidysrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone) potentiate warfarin, requiring INR monitoring.
Alpha-1 Blockers (Doxazosin)
Peripheral vasodilators for hypertension; first-dose syncope due to orthostatic hypotension.
Clonidine
Central alpha-2 agonist antihypertensive; abrupt withdrawal causes rebound hypertension.
Nitrates
Nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate; release NO causing venous > arterial dilation; treat angina; risk tolerance.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine, diltiazem; inhibit Ca²⁺ entry in vascular smooth muscle; treat HTN, angina, dysrhythmias.
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
Atorvastatin, simvastatin; ↓ LDL synthesis; myopathy/rhabdomyolysis rare but serious adverse effect.
PCSK-9 Inhibitors
Alirocumab, evolocumab; monoclonal antibodies that dramatically lower LDL-C when added to statins.
Niacin
Vitamin B₃; lowers triglycerides, raises HDL; causes flushing mitigated by aspirin pre-dose.
Sulfonylureas
Glipizide, glyburide; stimulate pancreatic insulin release; risk hypoglycemia, weight gain.
Biguanide (Metformin)
↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis, ↑ insulin sensitivity; first-line T2DM; contraindicated if eGFR < 30 mL/min.
DPP-4 Inhibitors
Sitagliptin et al.; prevent incretin breakdown, ↑ insulin, ↓ glucagon; risk pancreatitis.
GLP-1 Agonists
Exenatide, liraglutide; injectable incretin mimetics slowing gastric emptying, promoting weight loss.
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Canagliflozin, empagliflozin; block renal glucose reabsorption; benefits CV, but risk ketoacidosis, genital infections.
Rapid-Acting Insulin
Lispro, aspart; onset ~15 min; give within 15 min of meal to avoid hypoglycemia.
Basal-Bolus Regimen
Long-acting insulin (glargine) for baseline + rapid-acting for meals/corrections—preferred inpatient control.
Phenytoin
Hydantoin antiepileptic; stabilizes neuronal membranes; narrow therapeutic range; causes gingival hyperplasia.
Valproic Acid
Broad-spectrum antiepileptic; hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis black-box warnings.
Levodopa/Carbidopa
Dopamine precursor + dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor to cross BBB and treat Parkinson’s; long-term dyskinesias.
COMT Inhibitors
Entacapone, tolcapone; block levodopa breakdown; tolcapone hepatotoxic (black-box).
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam, lorazepam; enhance GABA; anxiolytic, sedative; risk dependence, CNS depression—avoid with alcohol.
Zolpidem
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic for insomnia; less REM suppression; risk sleep-walking behaviors.
Amphetamines
CNS stimulants (Adderall) for ADHD/narcolepsy; increase NE/DA release; Schedule II; insomnia, weight loss.
Methylphenidate
Ritalin/Concerta; mild CNS stimulant structurally like amphetamine used in ADHD.
Triptons
Sumatriptan et al.; 5-HT₁B/1D agonists abort migraine via cranial vasoconstriction; contraindicated in CAD.
Alendronate
Oral bisphosphonate; inhibits osteoclasts; sit upright 30 min post-dose to prevent esophagitis.
Raloxifene
SERM acting as estrogen agonist in bone, antagonist in breast/uterus; prevents osteoporosis; risk DVT.
Finasteride
5-Alpha reductase inhibitor for BPH and male baldness; teratogenic—pregnant women avoid handling tablets.
Sildenafil
PDE-5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates due to severe hypotension.
Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary hormone; induces/enhances labor, controls postpartum hemorrhage.
Terbutaline
Beta-agonist tocolytic (rare use) delaying preterm labor; maternal tachycardia limits use.
Clomiphene
Selective estrogen receptor modulator that induces ovulation by ↑ FSH/LH secretion.
Bisacodyl
Stimulant laxative; enteric-coated—must not be taken with milk/antacids which dissolve coating.