EHAP final semester 2

Talleyrand

French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservation, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.

Castlereagh

British representative at Congress of Vienna.

The Hundred Days

The time Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat Waterloo.

The Communist Manifesto

Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Corn Laws

1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well.

Benjamin Disraeli

British Conservative

Friedrich Engels

Condition of Working Class in England. Society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.

Charles Fourier

French social theorist

Laissez

faire Capitalism

Karl Marx

father of socialism

Poor Law

1834, Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers.

First Reform Bill

1832, Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify). Abolished some smaller boroughs.

Second Reform Bill

1867, Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters.

Tory

Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy.

Utopian Socialism

Ideal society based on socialist ideals

Whig

British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.

Alexander II

(r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Ausgleich, 1867

Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.

"Blood and Iron"

Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".

Count Camillo Cavour

(1810

Carbonari

A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.

Ems Dispatch

1870, A message form William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco

Franco

Prussian War

Frankfurt Assembly

1807

Giuseppe Garibaldi

1807

Louis Kossuth

Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

Leopold II

1865

Classical Liberalism

The base ideas of liberty and economic liberty. Mills and Ricardo are the key figures associated with this term.

Magyars

In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.

Nationalism

Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.

Panslavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo

Pogroms

Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.

Realpolitik

Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.

Red Shirts

1860; Volunteers in Garibaldi's army

Reichstag

Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.

Russification

Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.

Syllabus of Errors

1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.

Treaty of Frankfurt

1871; The end of the Franco

Otto von Bismarck

(1815

Zemstvos

Local assemblies in Russia.

Zollverein

Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.

Volksgeist

Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.

Algeciras Conference

1906; Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis.

Imperialism

One who dominates the political, social, and economic life of another.

Belgian Congo

exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

Boer War

English vs. Dutch settlers in South Africa. England won 1899

Congress of Berlin

1878; Assembly of representatives of Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Protectorate

Relationship between 2 states in which the stronger state guarantees to protect the weaker state from external aggression in return for full or partial control of its domestic and foreign affairs.

Sphere of Influence

In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.

The White Man's Burden

1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism.

Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

Balkan Wars

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war.

Berlin Conference

1885; Laid down the rules for the conquest of Africa: 1) European countries holding a coast inland. 2) Occupation must be with real troops 3) Must give notice of which countries were occupied. 4) Started the scramble for Africa.

Black Hand

Ultra Nationalist, Serbian Society. Secretly supported by members of the Serbian government.

Conscription

Forced recruitment into the army to meet the needs of war.

Charles I

1887

Entente Cordial

1094; Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.

Archduck Franz Ferdinand

1863

Isolationism

Not becoming involved in global or regional events.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Germany. Dismissed Bismarck in 1890. Did not renew Bismarck's treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France.

V.I. Lenin

1870

League of Nations

Allies worked out terms for peace with Germany, 1919, precursor to the United Nations. This was Wilson's plan for peace after WWI.

Lusitania

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare (WWI).

Battle of the Marne

A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.

Morocco Crisis

1911; After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference

Nicholas II

1968

Gavrilo Princip

(1894

Treaty of Brest

Litovsk

Treaty of Versailles

1918; Negotiated by the Big Three Germany was stripped of colonies Alsace and Loraine given back to France. Poland was reconstituted as a state. Polish corridor would split Prussia from Germany. The Saar region would be French for 15 years. Heavy repercussions (not specified until later.)

Battle of Verdun

1916 German assault on the French fortress

Triple Entente

1914, Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

President Wilson's Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self

Woodrow Wilson

1856

Zimmerman Telegram

1917; German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.

Army Order \#1

Issued by the Petrograd Soviet shipped offices of their authority and placed the power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.

Bloody Sunday

In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Russian Revolution.

Bolsheviks

"Majority group" in Russia.

Cheka

Secret police set up by Lenin

Decembrist Revolt

1820

Duma

Popular parliament in Russia.

Fundamental Laws

Issued by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage. The Upper House could pass laws but the Tsar had veto power.

Alexander Kerensky

Headed the Provisional Government in 1917 in Russia. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.

General Kornilov

Wanted to be the savior of Russia. Tried to stage a coup

Kronstadt Revolt

Rebellion of previously loyal sailors at the naval base. Suppressed by the military. After the revolt Lenin introduced the N.E.P.

March Revolution

1917; Bolsheviks become the leaders of Russia.

Mensheviks

'Minority group'.

October Manifesto

1905; Issued in Russia because of fear of a general strike. Granted full civil rights and a popular parliament

"Peace, Bread, and Land"

Lenin's slogan in the Russian Revolution. Peace from the war; Land for the peasants; Food for all.

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938.

Anti

Comintern Pact

Atlantic Charter

August 1941; called for peace without territorial expansion or secret agreements, and for free elections, and self

Casablanca Conference

Resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers.

Neville Chamberlain

1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.

Winston Churchill

1874 to 1965; greatest wartime leader; rallied the British with his speeches, infectious confidence, and bulldog determination; known for his "iron curtain" speech; led the British during World War II; agreed Hitler should be conquered; was thrown out by his own people.

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