APUSH STUDY OR CRY 6.10-6.12

Social sciences

What- new fields of research to analyze human behavior, psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science. Significance- used scientific method to problem solving and applied it to solving societal problemS

Interstate Commerce ACT of 1887

Why- created by congress in response to anger from farmers and shippers. What- required railroads to set “reasonable and just” rates, set up a regulatory agency to investigate pools, rebates, or other discriminatory practices. Significance- ended up helping railroads more than farmers by losing most court cases against railroad, stabilized railroad rates and ended destructive competition amongst railroad competition

Gospel of wealth

Who- Andrew Carnegie. What- wealthy had a moral responsibility to carry out projects of civil philanthropy. Why- help other members of society to better themselves and improve society. Example- Carnegie donated/ distributed $350 million to fund libraries, universities, concert halls and other public institutions.

City Beautiful movement

Why- disease, crime, waste, water/air pollution convinced reform- minded citizens of the need for municipal(public) water treatment, sewerage systems, waste disposal, street lighting, police department, and zoning laws to control urban development.

Movement advanced plans to remake American cities with tree-lined roads, public parks, and public cultural attractions

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Lawyer who argued that the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs and not remain restricted by legal procedures and judicial decisions of the past

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

Why- companies were creating larger trusts (standard oil), middle class families feared growing concentration of economic (and political) power, wealthy urban elites disliked the influence of the “new”rich. What- federal law against monopolies

Realism

What- form of art, attempted to express an authentic American style

The Greatest show on Earth

What- circus. Who- Barnum and Bailey. Significance- used railroad network to bring shows around the country

Clarence Darrow

Lawyer

Argued that criminal behavior could be caused by a persons environment of poverty, neglect , or abuse

Growth of Suburbs

What- wealthy and middle class migrated to edges of cities to escape problems in the cities. Why- look-cost, abundant and lowered housing costs, inexpensive transportation by rail, new building techniques lowered build costs, some watched to live in an all white neighborhood due to ethnic/ racial prejudice, grass, privacy, individual houses. Significance- owning a single family home with a lawn became a status symbol/standard for middle class

Social Gospel

What- applying Christian principles to social problems by improving housing, raising wages, and supporting public health measures. Why- addressing issues of poverty would enable people to find individual salvation. Significance- Contrasts beliefs of traditional Christains who focused on individual salvation to solve society’s problems. who- Baptist minister Walter Rauschenbusch

Pendleton Act of 1881

Why- assassination of President Garfield by someone seeking a government job. What- creates the civil Service commission and a system where applicants to certain federal jobs would be selected based on scores of an exam. Significance- removed certain jobs from party control, prohibited civil servants from making political contributions, political campaigns now depends on wealthy donors debate over good/bad

“Sound” or “hard” Money

What- currency backed by gold stored in government wealth. Why- believed it would hold value against inflation, believed(correctly) that the value of the dollar would increase as economy and population grew. Why- bankers, creditors, investors, establish businesses

Joseph Pulitzer or William Randolph Hearst

Pulitzer- owned New York world. Hearst- owned New York journal. Both- published sensationalized stories about crimes, political/ economic corruption, disasters, scandal

Morrill Acts 1862/1890

What- provided federal land grants to states to build colleges. Why- growing need for better trained workers for middle class jobs. Significance- focused on careers in agriculture, mining, engineering, science + industry, more affordable for middle class

Wabash v. Illinois

What- SCOTUS ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. Significance- nullified many Granger Movement laws

White-collar workers

What- salaried employees whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor. Examples- middle management, scientists, engineers, sales and marketing accountants, clerical workers, doctors, lawyers. Significance- created a growing middle class which created a need for more middle class jobs

“Easy” or “soft” Money

What- paper money (greenbacks) and unlimited minting of silver coins. Why- borrow money at lower interest rate, pay of loans quicker with inflated dollars, blamed gold standard for panic of 1873. Who-debtors, armors, start-up businesses

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Who- Francis E. Willard. What- advocating for total abstinence from alcohol. Why- excessive drinking by male factory workers was one cause of poverty for immigrant and working-class families

National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Who- Elizabeth Cady Stanton + Susan B. Anthony. Goal- secure vote for women