western civ test 3- middle ages and renaissance

Merovingian Dynasty

the first frankish dynasty established by Clovis in 186

Carolingian Franks

the second Frankish dynasty, established by Charles Martel in 714. they defeated the Moors in 732, stopping islamic invaders from entering the rest of europe. → alliance with papacy

charlemagne

768-814, father of europe. tries to unite all of the territories under one empire → named the new Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas day 800

Louis the Pious

son of charlemagne- split the kingdom up amongst his three sons.

carolingian revival

late 8th and 9th centuries- preservation of Greco-Roman art and literature

9th and 10th century invasions

invaded by the arabs- attacking the mediterranean on boats

invaded by the magyars- warlike people who fought in central europe

invaded by the vikings- scandinavian /nordic people who were very violent

feudalism

political and social system with a social hierarchy. power in the hands of those with the most land

manorialism

small scale economic system between a lord and the peasants/serfs that work the manor

oath of fielty

an oath taken when someone takes the title of a noble- you take the path to fulfil obligations to the lord above you.

primogeniture

the first born son gets the title and the land

code of chivalry

moral/ethical code if aristocracy- put noble women on a pedestal

gregorian reforms

pope gregory VII (1073-1085) reformed the corrupt practices of the papacy through centralizing power

monastic revival

reaction to growing worldliness → cluny reviving the founding principles of monasteries and the orders of the friars.

franciscans

order of the friars established by st. francis of assisi- prioritized helping the poor

dominicans

order of the friars established by st. dominic- prioritized education, order of preachers

heresy

false teaching of the church/religion- church does not agree with these

heretic

someone who spreads false information about the church/religion

dogmas

non-negotiables of religion that can’t be denied

waldensians and albigensians

heretics that criticized the worldliness of the clergy → church sent armies and massacred many of these people

otto the great

962- leads germans against the magyars → is appointed holy roman emperor

capetian dynasty

987-1328, medieval france, established by hugh capet, expands royal authority, becomes more than a figurehead

edward the confessor

1042-1066, last anglo-saxxon king. had no heir → norman invasion

domesday book

1086- book that details the Normand survey of the land and assessment of the manors as they took over england

office of the exchequer

treasury, kept track of revenue coming in and going out

king henry II

established english common law- centralized the power of the law underneath the king. all money made in court went to the treasury

common law

style of law that is different from roman civil law that is practiced around europe. characterized by the jury trial, role of precedents, and the rights of the accused.

king john I

1190-1216, captured after raising taxes without consulting the nobles, forced to sign the Magna Carta

magna carta

document that limited that power of the king and laid the foundations for the english parliament

• king must consult with nobility when imposing taxes

• king cant arbitrarily confiscate land

• king cant deprive someone of their liberty without due process

• king is not above the law

the black death

infectious disease originating in china and spread to europe, killed about 1/3-2/3 of the population

fatalism

view that life is short and death is coming, look forward to death it’s ok to suffer in life

flagellants

people who whipped themselves as a form of penance

jacquerie

1358- peasant revolts against their lords- very violent and took lots of violence to put down

english peasants revolt

1381- idea that “all are equal before god” and they should rise up against their lords

renaissance worldview

people can perfect gods creation and bring improvements to life

medieval worldview

centrality of faith, devil and sin, fatalism

classicism

petrarch, go back to the classical world and how things were done

individualism

people have limitless potential; ambition as to spur excellence

humanism

humans arent just sinful, they have talents and abilites, they are able to reason

Pico della Mirandola on the dignity of man 1486

christian humanism

synthesis of christian and classical traditions

• criticized superstition and corruption of church

• believed bible should be translated for all vernaculars

• restore simple authentic christianity

erasmus

1466-1539, dutch classical and biblical scholar, critical but loyal to the church

wrote The Praise of Folly, mocking the corruption of the clergy and superstitions

Thomas Moore

lord chancellor of england 1478-1535, criticized existing church and state relations in a book called Utopia

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince, handbook for rulers and gave way to modern political theory

separate politics and christian ethics

Gutenberg and the print revolution

1450, made the printing press with movable type. allowing for ideas to spread quicker and easier

Lutheran reformation

Martin Luther 1483-1546

wrote the 95 Theses against indulgences within the church

1521 diet of the worms

the swiss reformation (calvinism)

spread through scotland, netherlands, parts of france,and england

only believed in what was directly stated in the bible- no statues, no papacy

the radical reformation

peasants war in Germany 1525- rejection of political power

anabaptists

people should be baptized when they consciously accept the religion

socialism- pool wealth for the community

rejection of political rulers

apocalyptic- believed the world was going to end

outcasted from europe

the catholic reformation

reform within the church to save the institution

The Council of Trent (1543-1563)- discussed how to clean up the church

allowed the society of the jesuits to form

st. ignatius loyola

established the society of the jesuits

supported by the church

believed heavily in usung missionaries to spread the word of the jesuits