Overview of Nature, Nurture, and the Nervous System

Flashcards created to review the concepts of nature versus nurture, the structure and function of the nervous system, and key neuroscientific principles.

What are the two main factors that influence human development and characteristics?

Nature (genetics, biology) and Nurture (environment, experiences).

What concept suggests that genetic factors determine aspects such as eye and hair color?

Nature.

What is universal grammar according to Noam Chomsky?

The genetic factor that distinguishes humans from other animals in terms of language acquisition.

How do identical twins demonstrate the effects of nature and nurture?

Identical twins share the same DNA, and differences in their characteristics can be attributed to environmental factors if they were raised apart.

What is the role of epigenetics in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Epigenetics shows how nurture (environment) can impact nature (genes).

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord.

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

The sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest).

What is the function of sensory neurons?

They communicate sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

What happens when a neuron fires?

An action potential travels down the axon and neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.

How do neurotransmitters affect the next neuron?

Some neurotransmitters are excitatory, making the next neuron more likely to fire, while others are inhibitory, making it less likely to fire.

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory?

Glutamate.

What is GABA and its role in the nervous system?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter, associated with calming the nervous system.

What is long-term potentiation (LTP) and its significance?

LTP is the enhancement of synaptic strength following repeated stimulation, thought to be a biological basis of learning.

What brain structure is primarily responsible for emotional memory?

The amygdala.

Which brain area is crucial for language production?

Broca's Area.

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Converts short-term memories into long-term memories.

How does the left hemisphere primarily function in terms of brain lateralization?

It is responsible for language processing and expression.

What is neuroplasticity?

The brain's ability to change and adapt after experience or injury.

What are two common types of psychoactive drugs?

Depressants and stimulants.