Botany - First Quiz

Are plant organ which are continuations of the roots usually located above the surface of the soil

Stems

The stem with its leaves

Shoot

Where does stem originate

Epicotyl

partly from the hypocotyl of the embryo

Functions of plant stem

1. Support main body of the plant

2. conduct water and food

3. store water (in cacti) and store product of photosynthesis (sago palm, Metroxylon sagu) and (Sweet palm, Arenag pinnata) which store large stock of starch

4. Minor photosynthesis (chief photosynthesizing organ in cacti)

5. asexual reproduction

A young stem (1 year old or less) with leaves

Shoot

A young stem (1 year old or less) what is in the dormant winter stage (has no leaves)

Twig

A stem that is more than 1 year old, typically with lateral stems radiating from it

A woody plant’s main stem

Trunk

all the stems and leaves of a plant constitutes what

Shoot system

Give the three classification of stems

1. Based on toughness

2. Based on location

3. Based on branches

2 types of stem based on toughness and their differences

1. Herbaceous stem (found in both dicot and monocot)

2. Woody stem (found only in dicot)

stems that are woody only at the base but herbaceous at the above and give example

Suffrutescent stems - perennial shrubs

Herbaceous stems are common in what plants

Annuals
Biennials

Woody stems don’t have stomata but they have ____

Lenticels

What does make the woody stems hard and thick?

Woody tissues

Give two classification of stem based on their location and they difference

1 Aerial Epiterranean stems - above the surface of the soil

2 Underground/ subterranean stems- beneath the surface of the soil

two types of epiterranean stems

A. Stolons (Runner)

B. Tendrils (Scramblers)

are fleshy, semiwoody, elongated, horizontal stems that often lie along the soil surface

Stolons/ Runners

Main function of runners

Vegetative propagation

Examples of stolons/runners

Doob grass, oxalis

coil around or thread-like structure that helps the plant in climbing

Tendrils / scramblers

examples of scramblers/ tendrils

Grape, ampalaya squash

give the 4 subterranean stems

A. Rhizomes

B. Tubers

C. Bulbs

D. Corms

underground, horizontal stem which may be swollen due to the presence of stored food
Give examples

Rhizomes

Ginger bamboo

short swollen, terminal portions of an underground stems with the stored food

Tubers

Potato

difference between rhizomes and tubers

they both store food in their stems but terminal portions only of tubers are swollen

Very small piece of the stem tissue surrounded by numerous flesh leaves

Bulbs

Onion, Garlic

Globose, underground stem with thin papery, leaves on its surface

Corms

Gladiolus, Gabi

Two types of stems based on their classification

A. Unbranched - one stem only

B. Branched - have divines and side stems

Give the external structure of the stems

1 Nodes

2 Internodes

3 Leaf scars

4 Bundle scars

5 Lenticels

6 Buds

swollen areas where leaves branches and buds arise

Nodes

Portion between two nodes

Internodes

mark left on teh stem by a fallen leaf

Leaf scar

cut ends of the vascular bundles within each leaf scar

Bundle scar

Raised pores seen on dicot stems

Lenticels

underdeveloped structures which may grow into leaves, shoots, or flowers

Buds

3 types of buds based on what?

1. Based on location/position

2. Based on the presence of the protective coverings

3. Based on the structures that develop from the bud

Buds that are located at the end pf the stem

Apical / Terminal Bud

bud located at the upper angle formed by leaf stalk and the stem

Axillary/ Lateral Bud

the angle formed by the leaf stalk and the stem

Leaf axil

bud beside or above axillary bud

Supernumery/ Accessory Bud

may develop from roots, a stem internode, the edge of a leaf blade of callus tissue at the cut end of a stem or root

Adventitious bud

Two types of buds based n the protective coverings

A. Protected Bud - covered by a bud scale

B. Naked bud - not covered by a bud scale

Types of buds based on the structures which develop from the bud

A. Vegetative bud (Bulbils) - give rise to leaf and stem

B. Flower bud (Floral bud) - give rise to flower and fruit

Give the internal structure of buds

1 Epidermis

2 Cortex

3 Stele/ vascular cylinder

3 distinct region of meristematic activity

1. protoderm

2. Ground meristem

3. Procambium

One cell layer derive from the protoderm

composed of parenchymatous cells

covered by a later of cuticle

Epidermis

function of cuticle

Help prevent water loss and protect it from pathogens

the waxy substance of the cuticle

Cutin

Middle region composed of an outer zone of collenchyma, inner zone of parenchyma and a layer of epidermis

Cortex

it can produce the meristematic tissues

Vascular cambium

Give function in the cortex

Outer zone (Collenchyma) - provide support

Inner zone (parenchyma) - called endodermis, regulates the movement of substances into the vascular stems

it consist of the pericycle, vascular bundle, and pith

Stele

Vascular cylinder

Give the ISS of Young woody dicot stems

Primary vascular tissue - organized in the form of a ring/ concentric hollow cylinder

Primary phloem - external to the primary xylem

Vascular cambium - between the PP and the PR

Pith - made up the central portion, and is composed of parenchyma

Give the ISS in Yound herbaceous dicot stems

Primary vascular tissue - organized in group, arranged to form a broken ring

Fascicle (Vascular bundle) - the name of each group

Pith - entire central portion, parenchyma, from pith to cortex

Give the ISS of Old dicot stems

Secondary vascular tissues

• derive from the vascular cambium

• consisting of secondary phloem to outside, secondary phloem to pith

• Xylem push to destroy the pith parenchyma then replaced

Periderm

• consist of phellem (Cork), phellogen (Cork cambium), phelloderm (secondary parenchyma)

• Cork cambium give rise to inner phelloderm and outer phellem

Give the ISS of Herbaceous Monocot stems

No cambium

greater part consist of parenchyma

vascular bundle are surrounded by sclerenchyma and colenchyma

Xylem (inner), phloem (Outer)

Give the ISS of old woody stems

two distinct regions:

1. Bark - all the tissues outside the vascular cambium

2. Wood - the xylem

Sapwood (alburnum) - outer part of wood, pae

Heartwood (Duramen) - center part, darker

Principal/ main function of stem

1. Provde mechanical support

2. Conduct water, mineral, food

3. Produce new living tissues

Modified/ specialized function of stems

1 Unusual method of support

2 Photosynthesis

3 Absorption of water/mineral salts

4 Uncutinized epidermis

5 Reproduction

6 Storage

7 Protection

different unusual method of support of stems

Tendrils - Coiling, sensitive to stimuli (Cadena de amor, ampalaya, squash)

Twiners - Baloon vine

Root climbers - creeping ivy

Young and green, helps in food production

Photosynthesis

Stick plant,

Phylloclades (dadophylls): cacti, kangkong, squash

Example of protection in stem

With thorns (Hard, straight)

Rose, Bougainvilla, citrus

can be used for vegetative reproduction examples

Grafting, marketing, budding, layering, marching

Ginger, potato, gabi

Stems fro asexal reproduction

Runner - strawberyy

Stolon - gabi, bermunda grass

Sucker - banana, bamboo

Offset - water hyacinth

A slender prostate branch with long or short

internodes, creeping on the ground and

rooting at the nodes

Runner

A slender lateral branch originating from an

underground stem and growing horizontally

outwards.

Stolon

it is also a lateral branch developing from the underground part of the stem, however, it grows obliquely upwards and directly

Sucker

it originates in the axil of a leaf as a short, more or less thickened horizontal branch. It elongates only to a certain extent and produces at the apex a tuft of leaves and a cluster of small roots below

offset

succulent, can store either water, or other materials
fleshy underground stem

Mucilaginous substances - cactus, sabila

Tannins - acacia tree

Latex - rubber tree

Sugar- sugar cane

Where do these things came from/

1, stoppers, insulation

2. Quinine

3. sugar/molasses

4. cinnamon

5. tars and wood alchohol

6. rasin and turpetintine

7. Cellulose

1. Bark of the cork oak

2. Cinchona Bark

3. Sugar cane

4. cinnamonium bark

5. oak and hickory

6. yellow pine

7. plant cell wall of wood

generally expanded and flattened green structure growing out at the nodes of the stem

Main organ for photosynthesis

Leaves

Leaf primordia

a superficial meristematic tissue that produced leaves

it means that they originated from outer tissues layer

Exogenous

each leaf possesses an _____ at its axil

Axillary bud

cylindrical or flattened structure which supports and holds the leaf upright

Petiole (Leaf stalk)

leaves without petiole

Sessile leaves

two small, leaf-like outgrowths a its base

Stipules

thin, flattened usually green expended part of the leaf

shape, apex, margin, and base

Lamina (Leaf blade)

Lamina or leaf Blade shape may be

1 Linear - long and slender

2 Cordate - heart shaped

3 Ovate - egg-shaped

4 deltoid - triangular

5 Cordate - kidney shaped

6 Orbicular - disk - like

7 flagellate - fan-like

8 cuneate - wedge-like

Parts of DICOT leaves

Petiole

Lamina

Apex

margin

Parts of MONOCOT leaves

Leaf sheath

Leaf blade

Ligules

Auricles

the support of the leaf which may be completely envelope the stem of a small flap of delicate tissue extending upward

Leaf sheath

thin expanded portion above the sheath

Leaf blade

are membranous or hairy tissues located at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath

Identifying marker of monocots leaves

Ligules

Are slender extensions of the collar and are located at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath

Auricles

Variations in leaf structures

A. Leaf blade configuration

B.Venation (Arrangement of veins)

C. Phyllotaxy (system of leaf arrangement)

D. position in leaf orientation

The blade consist of only one piece

Simple leaf

the blade is divided into segments called pinnae (leaflets), petiolule (stalk of leaflet)

Compound leaf

the leaflets are attached to an extension of the petiole

Pinnately Compound leaf

extension of petiole

Rachis

The leaflets radiate from the upper end or tip of the leafstalk

Palmately compound leaf

different venation of leaf

1. Netted/ reticulate venation

2. parallel venation

veins branch profusely and form a network over the blade; found in dicots

Netted/ reticulate venation

veins and their branches spread out in all directions from the midrib

Pinnately netted

the continuation of petiole

Midrib

several midribs arise from the tip of the petiole and spread fan-like through the blasé

Palmately netted

several midribs arise from the tip of the petiole like the ribs or spokes of an umbrella and then breaks up into smaller veins

Radiately netted

veins do not form a network; found in monocots

Parallel venation