HDFS 3

5 functions of a supportive family

• Families help children

• Provide basic material necessities

• Encourage learning

• Help them develop self-respect

• Nurture friendships

• Foster harmony and stability

what helps some children thrive in a difficult family or neighborhood conditions

Resilience - involves capacity to adapt well in the face of significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

what characterizes popular vs neglected children at this time

1. Popular children

• Kind, trustworthy, cooperative

• By end of middle childhood, status more important and popular children become more aggressive to others

Unpopular children in US

• Neglected

• Aggressive-rejected

• Withdrawn-rejected

stopping a bully

1. Successful bullying prevention programs

• Whole school must be involved, not just the identified bullies

• Intervention is more effective in the earlier grades

• Bystander intervention

• Evaluation of results is critical

• Important to help bully too, usually have underlying problems that cause the bullying

• KiVA International

• OLWEAUS

helping children through divorce

1. Parents should marry, but commitments need to be made carefully to minimize the risk of divorce

• If divorce occurs, adults need to minimize transitions and maintain a child's relationships with both parents

when does puberty start? how does it work? when does the brain know to tell the body?

1. Puberty is the time between the first on rush of hormones and full adult physical development. It usually lasts three to five years and requires many more years to achieve psychosocial maturity

•  For boys it occurs between ages 9 and 18 and for girls it occurs between ages 8 and 18.

• Puberty is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes in early adolescence.

why are adolescent girls experiencing earlier age of menarche

1. There is an increase of processed foods and people are eating more than they used to

• Also may be due to increased stress

are there differences in psychosocial adjustment for teens that mature earlier vs later than average

1. Early maturing girls tend to have lower self esteem and more depression in a poor body image

• May be attracted to older boyfriends

• Early maturing boys are more aggressive in alcohol abusing

• Slow developing boys tend to be more anxious depressed

what are the key aspects of adolescent brain development? when does it stop? what is the last structure to develop?

1. The usual sequence of brain maturation, propelled by hormones that activate the limbic system at puberty, can lead to danger

• It is important for a steady maturation of the prefrontal cortex

• Positive aspects of adolescent brain development can include increased myelination, enhanced dopamine and super learners

why do adolescents stay up later than younger children? how much sleep do they need

1. Adolescents need to get between 8:00 and 10:00 hours of sleep per night

• As a result of puberty, circadian rhythm shift forward during adolescence, promoting a change in melatonin secretion

• For example 7:00 in the morning for adolescence is like 4:00 AM for the rest of us

when is sexual activity risky vs healthy?

1.  risky when the risk of sexually transmitted infections is high.

• Healthy at the right age and with appropriate protection

what are some common problems with cognition during adolescence?

imaginary audience

involves thinking intensely about themselves and about what other people think of them

what are some common problems with cognition during adolescence?

rumination

 to think obsessively about something perhaps to the point that a past experience or current fantasy captures the mind making further action difficult

what are some common problems with cognition during adolescence?

personal fable

characterized by an adolescence belief that their thoughts feelings or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's

what are some common problems with cognition during adolescence?

invincibility fable

gocentric conviction that they cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex drug abuse or high speed driving

what are some major changes in cognitive development in adolescence according to Piaget?

1. Formal operational thought - characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

• Hypothetical thought - includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality, transforms perceptions

what are some problems with tests?

1. Many have complained that exit tests force teachers to prepare students to be good test takers who knew facts, rather than teaching them to work with others, analyze problems, synthesize facts, identify fake news, imagine new solutions

how can we help promote a growth mindset in adolescence?

1. When adolescents are better able to think abstractly, analytically, hypothetically, and logically, They can respond to the usual pedagogy of high school

• Students with this mindset seek challenges

• Teachers and students with fixed mindset attribute low performance to personality, community, family, or intelligence

• Instead we should ask - what problems do you want to solve?

what are the 4 key factors to consider when evaluating peer influences in adolescence?

peer pressure

involves encouragement to conform to one's friends in behavior, dress, attitude

what are the 4 key factors to consider when evaluating peer influences in adolescence?

selection

selecting friends whose values and interests they share

what are the 4 key factors to consider when evaluating peer influences in adolescence?

facilitation

peers facilitate both destructive and constructive behaviors in one another

what are the 4 key factors to consider when evaluating peer influences in adolescence?

deviancy training

destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

what distinguishes adolescence and young adulthood, the crises they face, according to Erikson?

1. Adolescence - identity vs role confusion - 5th stage of development, person tries to figure out "who am I" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

• Identity achievement - attainment of identity

• Emerging adulthood - intimacy vs isolation - emphasizes that humans are social creature, intimacy progresses from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment, social isolation is harmful

• Romantic partners - passion, intimacy, commitment

what adolescent drug prevention/intervention programs have been shown to work? Not to work?

1. Antidrug curricula - may increase drug use

• Massive ad campaigns sometimes worked

• DARE - does not work

• Success - Communities that Care, Personality-targeted interventions

What is emerging adulthood? Does everyone experience it?

1. Between ages of 18 and 25/29, which is now widely thought of as a separate development stage

• Millions of young people now linger before entering full adulthood

• 5 features of this period: Instability, identity exploration, self focus, feeling in between, possibilities.

• Worldwide trend

organ reserve

capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra unused functioning ability. Harder for older bodies to adapt to stress

homeostasis

adjustment of all the body systems to keep physiological functions in the state of equilibrium

allostatsis

dynamic body adjustment that affects overall physiology. Homeostasis requires an immediate response from the body system, whereas allostasis refers to longer term adjustment

interaction of organ reserve

is adolescence or emerging adulthood a time for increased risk of psychopathology

1. Emerging adulthood is an increased time for psychopathology

how common is a substance use and substance use disorder among emerging adults

1. Substance use disorder - ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs users biological, psychological, or social well-being

• Determining factor is potential for harm

• More common for those in emerging adulthood

• Maybe due to the increase in anxiety and depression?

is there evidence for a 5th stage in Piaget’s theory, called postformal thought?

proposed fifth stage of cognitive development

• Extends adolescent thinking by being more practical, flexible, and creative. Characterized by the use of formal analysis

• Occurrence as a person is less impulsive and reactive and more practical and imaginative

• This stage is controversial

in what ways are emerging adults showing advanced cognitive ability compared to adolescents?

1. Cognitive flexibility - characteristic that is more common in emerging adults than in younger people

• Helps people deal with unforeseen events, involves listening to others and considering diverse opinions

what is dialectical thought?

1. every idea of truth bears within itself the opposite idea of truth

• Thesis, antithesis, synthesis

what is a stereotype threat? research supporting it?

1. the possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes, self-imposed

• General prejudice, racial or ethnic prejudice

• Mere possibility of being negatively stereotyped brings anxiety

what is the difference between emerging and established adulthood?

1. Established adulthood occurs around ages 30 to 35

• Progressing careers, romantic relationship, childcare

what happens to blood pressure with age?

1. increases with age

• Hypertension and consequences like heart disease

what suggests that the aging process is not dependent solely on time and genes?

occurs in everyone and in every body part, but the rate of decline is highly variable within and between persons due to environmental influences

when does a person show age?

1. Age starts to show around age 30 when skin becomes thinner and age 40 with age spots

• " middle age spread" - appears, muscles weaken, body changes by age 50

which of the senses declines before 65?

1. Vision changes occur before age 65 and hearing changes

what impairs fertility in men and women?

1. In males - advanced age, fever, radiation, prescription drugs, stress, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes

• In females - anything that impairs physical functioning - advanced age, diseases, smoking, extreme dieting, obesity, pelvic inflammatory disease

effects of menopause?

1. Production of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone drops considerably

• Cytological consequences

deaths of despair

1. Alcohol related liver disease, opioid overdose, suicide

what is intelligence?

1. Some believe to be smarter than others because of their higher intelligence level creating lifelong impact

• IQ scores gathered for children are generally predictive of education, income

what is g?

General intelligence - involves all cognitive abilities, which people possess in varying amounts, cannot be measured directly but inferred from various abilities

fluid intelligence

• mental capacity to learn or invent new strategies for efficiently solving problems

• decreases with age and crystallized increases

crystallized intelligence

knowledge acquired through experience

analytical intelligence

valuable in high school and college, as students are expected to analyze various ideas

Creative intelligence

allows people to find a better match to their skills, values and desires

practical intelligence

• useful as people age and need to manage their daily lives

• Most adults need practical intelligence

how does intelligence change in adulthood?

1. Value of each kind of intelligence depends partly on age and partly on culture

• Analytic - valued in high school and college

• Creative - valued when new challenges arise

• Practical - value during adulthood

what is selective optimization with compensation theory?

1. Adults select certain aspects of intelligence to optimize and neglect the rest

• Multitasking is an example of selective optimization and becomes more difficult with age

multitasking

harder with age

What are the three need of adults, according to Erikson?

1. Identity, intimacy, integrity

What do all people strive for, according to Maslow?

All people strive to have their needs met

What are the big 5 traits?

• Social viability decreases with age, social dominance and agreeableness and conscientiousness and emotional stability and openness to experience increase with age

• General age trend is positive, less neuroticism, greater conscientiousness, more agreeableness

What are the big 5 traits?

openness

imagination, feelings, actions, ideas

What are the big 5 traits?

conscientiousness

competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal driven

What are the big 5 traits?

extroversion

sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

What are the big 5 traits?

agreeableness

cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured

What are the big 5 traits?

neuroticism

tendency towards unstable emotions

what needs to do long-term partners meet?

1. Link to lifelong health and happiness, Co habituation rates are increasing for all ages

why do people need a social convoy?

1. Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances and even strangers move through the years of life with the person

• Help with support and emotional needs

why is it a mistake to call middle-aged adults the “sandwich generation?

Have to help their kids and their parents, may reflect it is bad but many enjoy being needed

hows does Piaget’s theory of how cognition changes in adolescence correspond to the major structural changes in the adolescent brain development?

duel processing and the brain

• limbic system activated by puberty, pre-frontal cortex matures more gradually

• cortical regions involving impulse control continue to develop through early adulthood

• the adolescent brain gives fewer signals of caution/inhibition than the adult brain

• subcortical regions involving sensation seeking develop rapidly after puberty

intuitive thought

thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

analytical thought

thought that results from analysis, systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts

• depends on logic and rationality

prevalence of suicidal thoughts among high school students

42% - persistent sadness and hopelessness

16% - suicide plan

9% - attempt suicide

how common is alcohol and drug use among emerging adults?

most common at this age

Substance use disorder (SUD)

ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs user’s biological, psychological or social well-being

• determining factor is potential for harm, not dose or specific substance

infertility

involves being unable to conceive after trying for at least a year

• 12% of couples are infertile

peak fertility

exercise helps every condition at every age

• protects against serious illness: protects mental and physical health

• maintains flexibility and strength

• intensity not necessary, regular exercise is

prevelence of obesisty in US

• 2/3 of adults are overweight

• 1/3 age 25-65 obese

• 6% obese

suicide risk

mortality

average life expectancy in 2021 is 76.4 years

morbidity

compared to men, women have lower rates of mortality but higher rates of morbidity

disability

physical disabilites are often measured by inablity to preform the activites of daily life (ADLs)

vitality

some psychologists call it happiness, satisfaction, flow, flourishing

stages of adulthood

personality change in adulthood

• strength of every trait is affected by maturation

• general age trend is positive, less neuroticism , great consciousness and agreeableness

toxins

environmental toxins in childhood disrupt the “maturation” of personality traits in adulthood

empty nest syndrome

• perhaps an outdated concept, most married folks report increases in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.

• If married folks were primarily staying together because of their children, then maybe it’s more relevant

are we more or less sexually active than in the fast

we are less sexually active

the biological activity that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from

• hypothalamus

• pituataryy glad

how many adolecents in HS have seriously considered suicide

20%

drug use before the age of 18 indicates

predicts later drug use problems

The most common substance use disorder is ________; it is estimated that ________ of emerging adults are affected

alcohol use disorder, 10-20%

What age is peak fertility

age 20

WEIRD

Western, educated, industrialized, rich democracies

senescense

when you dont notice yourself aging

For women, taking progesterone and estrogene is linked to ______ risk of cancer, heart disease

greater

healthy in moderation

1-2 drinks per day

generativity

productive in caring and unselfish ways

primary form of generativity

established and guiding younger generation

marital satisfaction begins to decline

after first 6 months