Urology Yr II

3 nitrogenous wastes

• urea

• uric acid

• creatine

Process of metabolic waste

• liver ( contains hemoglobin and amino acids)

  • hemoglobin breakdown

  • amino acids broekn down is…

    • uric acid → nucleic.

    • amino → urea

Urinary system

• regulates volume and comp of body fluid

• adjusts salt / water content of urine

• excrete metabolic waste products.

• secretes renin ( regulates blood pressure)

• secretes erythropoietin, regulates red blood cell production).

What does renin do

regulates blood pressure in urinary system

What does erythropoeiten do?

regulates red blood cell production.

Urethral Sphincter

• sphincter = group of muscules

• uretheral spincter tells urine to go out.

What is in the filtrate / kidney

• water, nitrogen wastes, salts, other substances ( incl. hormones), vitamins, minerals, medications

What is ADH ( Antidiuretic hormone)

• diuretic = pee → antidiuretic

• made by the posterior pituitary gland

  • makes distal convoluted tubulues more pemeable to water

    • water reabsorbed ( restricting urination).

  • body dehydrates → pitutiary increases ADH → water reabsorbed.

  • if fluid in body → ADH secretion is decreased

Renin -Angiotensin-Adolsterone System ( RAAS)

• indication of low blood pressure / blood volume

  • decreased blood flow to juxtaglomerular apparatus in kidney.

• kidney releases renin

  • renin converts angiotensin (from liver) into angiotensin I (inactive).

    • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I → angiotensin II (main active hormone)

• Angiotensin II raises bp by….

  • vasoconstriction…( narrows arterioles → inc BP)

  • constricts efferent arteriole in kidney

  • stimulates Aldosterone release (adrenal cortex) which increases…..

    • Na+ reabsorption

    • Water retention ( follows sodium)

    • K+ secretion (lowers blood potassium)

  • increases thirst → blood volume rises

  • stimulats ADH.

How to Test Kidey Function

1) Blood BUN in CMP

2 Blood Creatinine in CMP (Comprehensive Metabolic Profile).

3) UA

4) GFR ( Agglomerate filtration rate) blood + 24 hr UA.

Creatinine is….

Creatine broken down

UA stands for

Urine

When amino acids are broken down…

Urea is produced.

When hemoglobin is broken down…

bile is created

Hormone that affect BP

• Renin: made in kidney affects BP

• Angiotensinogen: made in liver + reaches Angiotensiogen convercting enzyme ( ACE) in lungs.

  • converts Angiotensin I → II

• Aldosterone: made in adrenal glands.

• Antiduretic Hormone: hypothalamus makes it; pituitary releases it

Aldosterone is made in the….

Adrenal Gland

Ureters connect

Kidney to Bladder

When total body fluid is decreased by 1% to 2%…

the thirst in hypothalamus is stimulus.

Acidosis

• a condition in which hydrogen ion concentration of plasma is elevated above the homeostatic range.

  • metabolic: caused by metabolic disturbances.

  • respiratory acidosis: develops when CO2 is produced more rapidly than its excreted by the lungs.

Hormones that affect BP

• Renin ( secreted by Kidneys when bp is low) → raises bp.

• Angiotensinogen: made in liver / in blood.

• Aldosterone: made in adrenal gland; → raises bp.

• Antidiuretic Hormone: made in hypothalamus → pituitary releases it.

Nephrolithaiasis

kidney stones.

• hardened mineral deposits (calculi) in kidney.

Lithotripsy

• treatment for kidney stones

Nephritis

inflammation of kidney

Hyperkalemia

• high potassium levels

What are causes of Chronic renal failure

• diabetes

• High blood pressure

Symptoms of Kidney Disease

• swelling of legs and hands

The kidney is located in the…

upper urinary system.

The bladder and urinary tract are located in the…

lower urinary system.