Chapter 1: Organic Compounds

Freidrich Wohler

Organic Compounds

Inorganic Compounds

Special Nature of Carbon Atoms

Isomers & Cyclic Isomers

Stereoisomers

Diastereomers

Enantiomers

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Alkane Properties

Alkenes

Alkene Properties

Alkynes

Alkyne Properties

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbon molecules that form rings

• Can be alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

• Found in many biological molecules including hormones and steroids

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Molecules with a ring structure

• Derive from benzene

  • A 6-carbon ring which has alternating single and double bonds

  • Referred to as resonance

Why does resonance occur?

• Electrons in aromatic hydrocarbons are spread out (delocalized) and shared equally between the carbon atoms

• Spreading makes the molecule more stable, so the electrons are less likely to react with other molecules

Haloalkanes

Physical Properties of Alcohols

Aldehyde Properties

Physical Properties of Ketones

How are esters made?

• Formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

Physical Properties of Esters

• Somewhat polar due to acid (OH makes it weaker)

• Low boiling points

• Longer chains waxy at room temp

• Very volatile

Physical Properties of Ethers

• Slightly polar

• Larger ethers are liquid at room temp

• Smaller ethers are gases at room temp

Amines

Physical Properties of Amines

Physical Properties of Amides

How are Amides formed?

Addition Reactions

Involve the addition of an atom to a carbon-carbon double or triple bond

• (Will break double/triple bond and form a newly single bond)