Illiberal Democracy [Zakaria]

Liberalism

• individual freedoms and rights

• seperation of powers

• rule of law

• Free Markets

Democracy

• Rule of the people

• proccess for selecting governments

• multiparty elections

• Majority Rule

Liberal Democracy

Constitutional liberalism + elected representatives

Individual rights + freedoms

Majority Rule

Minority Rights

Liberalism Leads to what?

Democracy, but not other way around

Illiberal Democracy

elected representatives, weak freedoms

Less concern for individual rights

Zakarias feelings on democracy

The problem with governance in the 21st century will likely be with-in democracy, more difficult to handle due to legitimacy

Democracy by defintion

political regime based on free and fair elections in which All qualified citizens of a political community participate

Types of democracy

Direct

Representative

Full

Flawed

Consolidated

Electoral

1st step of democratization

Liberalism,
in which elite see the need for change

2nd step of democratization

Transition

Elections, new institutions

3rd step of democratization

Consolidation

legitimize new institutions

4th step of democratization

Deepening

Backsliding occurs in what order?

Media+ judiciary → Civil Society → elections

role of media in backsliding

censorship, state run media, propaganding

Role of Judicary in backsliding

Packing courts, rigging courts

Role of Civil Society in Backsliding

Intergrate business into regime, force to provide information

Role of elections in backsliding

Changed electoral rules, jailed opposition.

Bermeo Backsliding

turning away from ideals,

incremental

erode piece by piece

generate popular support

Democratic Backsliding

State-Led debilitation or elimination of institutions,

Less common forms of backsliding

• coups de etat

• executive coups

• voter fraud

executive coup

suspension of constitution to gain more power

Common variants of backsliding

• Promising coup

• Executive aggrandizement

• Strategic manipulation of elections

Promissionary Coup

oust elected officail in order to protect democracy

excutive aggrandizement

Weakening checks and balances on power to increase executive power

Straetigic manipulation of elections

change electoral rules and tilting electoral in favor of curruption

Liberal Backsliding

deterrates liberal values such as rights, freedom, checks and balances

Authoritarian Regimes

Weak institutions

lack of political freedom

no limit on state power

state controlled economy

Hybrid Regimes

Laws are minipulated

democry x autocracy

varied levels of freedom

Coercion

Tool for Regime

threats, sactions, etc

Patronage

Tool for regime

Appoint friends to state owned businesses

Military

Supression, violation of human rights

Media

Tool for regime

Censorship, propaganda

Autocratization

Process by which countries move away from liberal democracy towards repression

charismatic leader

Influenced externally

political gravity centres

Totalitarianism

Most absolute control

Supreme Leader

Single guiding idealogy

total state control

populism

Thin centered idealogy

“pure” vs “corrupt”

Will of the people.

Liberal + Authoritarian ideals

Presidential Systems

Democratic & dual legitimancy

fixed Terms

Head of Government and State

Parliamentary Systems

Authority from Parliament

Only Parliament is legitment

Flexible and unstable

“first among equals”

Head of State

Represent Government

Above Politics, For the People

Symbolic Role

elected

Head of Government

Political Leader

Leader of party

Elected or appointed

President Executive

Power seperated + election

Seperation of powers, responsible for both

Control of different Parties

PM executive

Emerges from legislature

remains member of cabinet

Majority vote by MPs to remain in control

Semi-Presidential System

Dual Executives

elected President, elected PM

Elected Legislature

Head of state: President, Representative

Head of Government: PM, Day to day operation