Diya Chandrasekhar- Chapter 2, Cytology

What does cytology mean?

The study of cells

What is the cell theory?

the cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself.

Who are the three scientists that came up with the cell theory?

Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow

How are cells limited in size?

cells will only grow so big; after that, they either remain the same size, or they divide into two smaller cells

What does pro- mean?

Before

What does karyo- mean?

nucleus

What are fimbriae?

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

What is the nucleoid?

region where the cell’s DNA is located

What does -oid mean?

resembles

What does eu- mean?

True

How big are the animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

100x larger

What is the cell membrane?

it is a membrane that provides a membrane boundary(shape) for the cell

What does the cell membrane act as?

A semi-permeable membrane

What does semi-permeable mean?

it allows only some substances to pass through the cell

Describe the phospolipid bi-layer?

It is a double layer of phospolipid proteins molecules embedded with proteins

What does phillia mean?

Like; love

What does phobic mean?

dislike

What are microvilli?

areas of cells membranes that are folded to increase surface area

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

network of proteins organized into microtubules & microfilaments(cytoskeleton),and a composition

What happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell?

It becomes toxic

What do all living cells need to be surrounded by?

Fluid

What is the purpose of the phospholipid bi-layer?

To seperate the 2 fluid compartments(one on the inside and other on the outside of cell)

What are embedded proteins?

Ion Channels, Transporter(carrier ) Proteins, Enzymes, Receptor Sites, and Recognition Sites.

What are Ion channels?

specific to Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl-, can open and close to let these pass through

What are transporter(carrier) proteins?

Specific to sugars, amino acids, may require ATP(energy)

What are enzymes?

These catalyze(speed up) chemical reactions.

What are Receptor Sites?

sites that are specific to certain hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs, which the activation of can change cell activity.

What are the recognition sites?

These allow white blood cells to recognize/differentiate your cells from foreign cells.

What are side effects?

Unintended effects on the body/consequences of a drug/hormone used to influence your body in a certain way.

What are the two immunosuppressant drugs?

Corticosteroids & Prednisone

What is thalidomide?

Thalidomide is a drug that was used to suppress morning sickness/vomiting in women during pregnancy

What was the side effect of thalidomide?

The side effect of thalidomide was that it was affecting fetal development and preventing the development of legs/lower half the bodies of fetuses. This led to many lower body deformities among children whose mother used the drug during their pregnancy.

What is the nucleus?

The part of the cell that stores nucleoplasm/chromosomes/and the nuclear membrane. (holds DNA)

What is the nucleous?

A structure that stores RNA

What are chromatin?

Uncoiled DNA

What are chromosomes?

coiled up DNA

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)?

a network of tubular canals that connects the nuclear membrane with the cell membrane.

What is the function of the ER?

‘little circulatory system’ within cell for transport of molecules

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

contains enzymes systems that maufacture & break down fats(lipid& steroid metabolism)

What is on the rough ER?

Ribosomes

What are ribosomes?

granules made up of RNA & protein

What is the golgi complex?

a stack of membranous saccules

What is the function of the golgi complex?

to store, modify, and package chemical substances

What are vacuoles?

Large storage containers within cells

What are vessicles?

Small storage containers within cells

What are lysosomes?

‘suicide bags’

What do lysosomes contain?

hydrolytic(digestive) enzymes, will trigger programmed cell death

Where are lysosomes made?

from saccules of the golgi complex

What is autolysis?

programmed cell death

What are mitochondria?

the cell’s powerhouse

What is cellular respiration?

the generation of ATP, C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 »»» 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

What are centrioles?

9+0 arrangement of microtubes, involved in cell division

Where do you find centrioles?

In animal cells (only!)

What are the two organelles for motion?

Cillia and Flagella.

What is the Flagella?

whip-like tail

What are Cillia?

fine, motile hairs

Where are the two common places that Cillia is found?

The airway of the lungs, and in the Fallopian Tubes

What is Interphase?

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase (period from when the cell is formed until the cell starts to divide)

What is the G1 phase of interphase?

the 1st period of cell growth

What is the S phase of interphase?

The DNA Synthesis phase

What is the G2 phase of interphase?

the 2nd period of cell growth

What are the four steps in the mitotic phase?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

What is prophase?

when the cell prepares to divide

What is metaphase?

when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What is anaphase?

when chromosomes move apart to opposite ends of the cell

What is telophase?

cytokinesis, and cells returning back to interface appearance

What is cytokinesis?

when the cell constricts into two cells

How often do skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide?

Continuously throughout their life

What is the alimentary canal?

the gastrointestinal tract

How often do liver and kidney cells divide?

As needed

How often do muscle and nerve cells divide?

They do not

What does Amitotic mean?

without mitosis (does not divide)

What are the two types of abnormal cell division?

Hyperplasia & Neoplasm

What is hyperplasia?

an increase in the # of cells

What is a neoplasm?

tumor

What are malignant tumors known as?

cancerous

What is the end result of meiosis?

Haploid cells (gametes)

Where does meiosis occur?

reproductive organs

What does karyokinesis mean?

Nucleus movement

What does soma mean?

Body

What is a karyotype?

a person’s set of chromosomes