Civil Liberties
fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals that are protected by unreasonable governmental restriction
Civil Rights
government’s protection of individuals from discrimination as members of particular groups
Amendment
change to the constitution
ratification
official adoption
Bill of Rights
first 10 amendments to the constitution that protects the individual rights of citizens
Establishment Clause
protects individuals from the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion
Free exercise clause
protects the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs
Clear and Present Danger
legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment
Prior Restraint
occurs when the government censors or suppresses material before it is published
Espionage Act of 1917
allowed a citizen to be fined or imprisoned for speaking out against the government or the war effort
Slander
spoken lies
Libel
written lies
Symbolic Speech
images, signs, and symbols use as forms of political expressions
Procedural Due Process
standard of fairness is applied to all individuals equally
Warrant
a document issued by a legal or government official authorizing the police or some other body to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out some other action relating to the administration of justice
Probable Cause
reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that is evident relevant to a criminal investigation
Exclusionary Rule
evidence obtained without a warrant is not admissible in a court
Grand Jury
a group of citizens who, based on evidence, presented to them, decide whether or not there is enough evidence to take the defendant to trial
Miranda Rights
rights read to someone accused of a crime that tell them they have the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning
Bail
amount of money posted as security to allow the defendant to be freed while awaiting trial
Equal Protection Clause
prohibits states from denying an person equal protection of the law
Due Process Clause
no states can deprive life liberty or property without due process of the law
Selective Incorporation
the piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments
13th amendment
abolished slavery
14th amendment
affirmed citizenship and placed restrictions on the laws of the states
15th amendment
keeps states from discriminating voters based on race
Jim Crow Laws
enforced segregation across all aspects of daily life, including, transportation, entertainment, business and education
De jure segregation
legal segregation
de facto segregation
segregation that exists by practice and customs
Social Movements
people coming together to make social and political change with the goal of placing issues on the policy agenda
Civil Disobedience
intentionally breaking a law to protest an injustice
Civil Rights Act of 1964
authorized the federal government to withhold grants from districts that did not integrate their schools
Voting Rights Act of 1965
eliminated literacy tests, allowed federal examiners/officials to register voters (taking it out of the hands of the local governments)
Affirmative Action
designed o address the consequences to individuals based on their characteristics, such as race or gender
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote
strict scrutiny standard
government has to show a “compelling interest” to justify unequal treatment
Rational based standard
differential treatment must be shown to be reasonable and not arbitrary
Intermediate Scrutiny
falls in between the first 2 standards (mostly deals with gender discrimination)
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
passed by congress in 1996
for purpose of federal law- marriage meant a legal union between man and woman
reaffirmed power of states to make their own decisions about marriage laws
Restrictions on Obscenity and Pornography
words, images, or videos,that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic merit.
Time, place, and manner
governments may impose reasonable restrictions on time, place, or manner of protected speech
imposing limits on the noise level of speech
capping the # of protesters
banning early morning/late evening protests
requiring protesters to obtain a permit
Engel v Vitale
cannot have prayer in school because it goes against the establishment clause
Wisconsin v Yoder
the Court prioritized free exercise of religion over the state interest in an educated populace
Schenck v United States
Supreme Court decision upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a first amendment right to express freedom of speech against he draft during World War 1 (clear and present danger)
New York Times v United States
Defended the first amendment right of free press, against prior restraint by the government. The pentagon papers could be published without risk of government censorship or punishment because there was no clear and present danger.
Tinker v Des Moines
Cemented student’s rights to free speech in public schools. Symbolic speech is protected under the first amendment.
Gideon v Wainwright
The 6th amendment guarantees a right to assistance of counsel for criminal defendants in state courts by way of 14th amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
enshrined the doctrine of “separate but equal” as a constitutional justification for segregation on public transport and in public places
Brown v Board of Education
Supreme Court decided that racial segregation is unconstitutional in public schools, overruled the separate but equal doctrine
Griswold v Connecticut
Court overturned a Connecticut law that was passed in 1873, which prohibited the provision of contraceptives and medical advice about birth control
Privacy includes the right to contraceptives
Roe v Wade
A woman’s right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy, which is protected by the 14th amendment
Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health
Mississippi argued that the constitution does not provide a right to an abortion
abortions are not deeply rooted in US history
overturned Roe v Wade
US v Windsor
SCOTUS rules that classifying only opposite-sex marriages as legal under federal law as unconstitutional
validated state - recognized same-sex marriages for federal purposes
allowed states to reject same-sex marriage license from other states
Obergefell v Hodges
SCOTUS decision: citing a right to privacy which links to the right to liberty. Marriage is a fundamental right. Same-sex marriage is protected under the due process clause of the 14th amendment
legalized same-sex marriages nationwide
DC v Heller
the court overturned an individual handgun ban in DC - second amendment rights
this did not apply to states because DC is not a state; its a territory
McDonald v Chicago
Chicago had a hand gun ban in the city. Mr. Mcdonaldwas a community activist trying to clean up his neighborhood and had been threatened multiple times
he argued he needed a gun to protect himself
5-4 decision, the court ruled for McDonald, incorporating the 2nd amendment (right to bear arms)
Preamble
7 articles
powers of legislative branch
powers of executive branch
powers of judicial branch
states rights
how to make an amendment
supremacy clause
signatures
Sections of the US Constitution
1st amendment
freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, petition
2nd amendment
right to bear arms
states can form militias
3rd amendment
no quartering of soldiers without consent
4th amendment
protection against unreasonable searches and seizures
5th amendment
double jeopardy
self-incrimination
grand jury
due process of law
6th amendment
impartial jury
speedy and public trial
miranda rights
7th amendment
trial by jury for civil cases involving $20 or more
8th amendment
prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
9th amendment
all the rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the people, not the government
10th amendment
the Federal Government only has those powers delegated in the Constitution. If it isn't listed, it belongs to the states or to the people
11th amendment
places limits on an individuals rights to sue states
12th amendment
VP and Prez on the same ballot
13th amendment
abolished slavery
14th amendment
defines citizenship, all people born or naturalized in the US
due process clause
equal protection clause
15th amendment
cannot discriminate voters on basis of race
16th amendment
established federal income tax
17th amendment
people directly elect US senators
18th amendment
prohibits sale and distribution of alcohol
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote
20th amendment
establishes when the presidential and congressional terms begin and end
21st amendment
repealed the 18th amendment
22nd amendment
presidents limited to 2 terms
23rd amendment
allowed residents of Washington DC to vote in presidential elections
24th amendment
bans poll taxes
25th amendment
establishes presidential line of succesion
26th amendment
lowered voting age from 21 to 18
27th amendment
if congress votes itself a raise, that increase cannot take effect until after the next election
Establishment and Free exercise clause
recognizes our right to believe and practice our faith, or not
the government cannot establish a national religion
Limitation on Freedom of Expression and Speech
-restriction on obscenity and pornography
-regulating time, place, and manner
imposing limits on the noise level of speech
capping the number of protesters
banning early morning/late evening protests
requiring protesters to obtain a permit
Rights of the Accused
protection for defendants or those accused of acrime are found under the 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th amendments
(Courts are required apply procedural due process to all individuals)
Civil Rights Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)
13th - abolished slavery
14th affirmed citizenship and placed restriction on the laws of the states
15th - keeps states from discriminating voters based on race
Significance of the Due Process Clause and Establishment Clause
prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or process without due process of law
prohibits the government from establishing a religion
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Following the arrest of Jo Ann Robinson, community leaders organized a boycott of the buses in Montgomery
lasted a little over year and ended with the 1965 Supreme Court decision declaring any law requiring racially segregated seating on buses violated the 14th amendment
Birmingham Campaign
forced desegregation in Birmingham and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Purpose and Importance of Letter from Birmingham Jail
addresses the criticism directed towards his campaign and points out that injustice is an acceptable reason for civil disobedience
defends the protest movements on the basis of natural rights drawing a distinction between just and unjust laws
lists the grievances and injustices and the evidence that led to his actions
asserts the white moderate is a severe obstacle to justice
Significance of Civil Rights Act of 1964
authorized the federal government to withhold grants from districts that did not integrate their schools
outlawed racial segregation in schools and public places and authorized the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate
outlawed employment discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or nation origin.
Significance of Voting Rights Act of 1965
eliminated literacy tests
allowed the federal government examiners to register voters
percentage of black voters increased 3x in the south
Significance of National Organization for Women
a women’s rights advocacy group that pushed fro change in both the legislature and Supreme Court
initially organized to pressure the federal government to enforce federal anti-discrimination laws
goals became bigger - wanted to bring women into full participation in the USA
wanted to be equal to men
Title VII
prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender
focused on making sure women were treated equally in the workplace
Title XI
part of education act passed in 1972
applies to curriculum, health care, and residential life
provides equal funding to both male and female sports
impact: fewer than 300000 girls played high school sports in 1974, now more than 3.1 million girls are playing high school sports
Significance of Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
passed by congress in 1996
for purpose of federal law- marriage meant a legal union between man and woman
reaffirmed power of states to make their own decisions about marriage laws
Significance of US v Windsor
the significance was that scotus rules that classifying only opposite-sex marriages as legal under federal law is unconstitutional
allowed states to reject same-sex marriage license from other states
Significance of Obergefell v Hodges
Significance was that same-sex marriags are protected under the due process clause of the 14th amendment and marriage is a fundamental right that is linked to the right of privacy which is linked to the right to liberty