Earth and Space Science Retake Exam Study Guide

Contains flashcards sets from Earth and Space Exam #1 Study Guide, Earth and Space Exam #2 Study Guide, and Earth and Space Exam #3 Study Guide

Least dense planet

Saturn

Hottest planet

Venus

"Earth's Twin"

Venus

Planet with shortest day

Jupiter

Planet with largest volcano

Mars

Moon with planet-like atmosphere

Titan (Mar's moon)

Largest moon in the solar system

Ganymede (Jupiter's moon)

Coldest planet (absolute temperature)

Uranus

Planet with most moons

Jupiter

Planet that orbits on its side

Uranus

Most volcanically active body in the solar system

Io (Jupiter's moon)

Smoothest object in the solar system

Europa

Planet with the largest dust storms

Mars

Planet with about the same day length as ours

Mars

Planet with the most powerful storm

Jupiter

Name the four terrestrial/inner/rocky planets

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Which planet has two moons?

Mars

What planets border the main asteroid belt?

Mars and Jupiter

Pangaea broke up

Mesozoic Era

"Age of Fish"

Paleozoic Era

Appalachian Mountains formed

Paleozoic Era

"Age of Reptiles"

Mesozoic Era

Magnetic field established

Precambrian

Amphibians and insects appeared

Paleozoic Era

Moon formed

Precambrian

Hard-shelled animals appeared

Paleozoic Era

"Age of Mammals"

Cenozoic Era

Himalayas formed

Cenozoic Era

Rodinia broke up

Precambrian

Longest time period era

Precambrian

How does our Sun compare to other stars? (Age, Size, Luminosity)

It is average in terms of age, size and luminosity

Put the divisions of geologic time in order from largest to smallest.

Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs

Why is Venus called "Earth's Twin"?

It has the same size and mass

Nuclear fusion is the process by which one atomic nucleus splits into two new atomic nuclei and a different element is created. (True/False)

False

What plate boundaries create composite volcanoes?

Oceanic continental plate

What is the process of separation based on density?

Differentiation

What are three examples of isostasy?

An iceberg, a floating dock, a boat in the water

True or False: Water boiling on the stove is an example of isostasy

False

Oceanic crust is _ than continental crust.

Younger, thinner and more dense

What is the theory describing the large scale motion of the Earth's lithosphere?

Plate tectonics

What are three materials that convection currents can be found in?

Water, air, mantle

At what type of plate boundary would you find a trench?

Convergent

What are three occurrences that are associated with a divergent boundary?

Mid-ocean ridge, seafloor spreading, rift valley

True or False: Subduction zones are not associated with a divergent boundary

True

Plates slide past each other at .

Transform boundaries

The Hawaiian Islands formed over a .

Hot spot

What is the study, mapping and measurement of seafloor topography called?

Bathymetry

What simple tool is used to take depth soundings?

Lead Line

What shows the statistical distribution of elevations and depths across the entire planet's surface?

Hypsographic curve

___ margins are not near a plate boundary and have wider shelves.

Passive

The ___ is geologically part of the continent.

Continental shelf

What are the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth?

Abyssal plains

Trenches are associated with __.

Volcanic arcs

Mid-ocean ridges may contain ___.

Seamounts, Hydrothermal vents, pillow lava

Fracture zones are _ because both plate segments are going in the same direction.

seismically active

What is the the continental marked by that is carved into the slope by turbidity currents?

Submarine canyons

Where are the turbidite deposits and deep-sea fans located?

Continental rise

True or False: A volcano with a repose period of 10,000 years is more explosive than one with a 1,000-year repose period.

False

About _ volcanoes are currently active.

500

What invention is the reason that starvation is no longer a primary cause of death from volcanic eruptions?

Transportation

True or False: If a volcano has a higher silica content, the lava it produces flows easier.

False

What causes explosive eruptions?

Buildup of gases

Which type of lava is quick-cooling, thick, rough and jagged?

Aa

Composite volcanoes are made of .

Alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic

What type of fault is associated with divergent boundaries?

Normal fault

What is the point of an earthquake's origin inside the Earth?

Focus

___ are tremors that result from the settling of the fault.

Aftershocks

A 4.0 earthquake is times stronger than a 3.0.

10

What instrument is used to detect and measure earthquakes?

Seismometer

What does calculating the difference in the arrival time of P and S waves help us determine?

Distance to the epicenter

Which magnitude scale measures how people react to an earthquake?

Mercalli Scale

Primary waves…

shake the ground in the direction the wave is traveling and are the first to arrive.

_ is an earthquake effect where saturated soils become unstable.

Liquefaction

True or false: A tsunami along the coast has a longer wavelength than a tsunami in the deep ocean.

False

__ is the time interval between successive eruptions.

Repose period

What are three factors that control volcano formation and the type of eruption?

temperature, gas content, composition

Materials that have been ejected into the atmosphere by volcanic activity are called _.

pyroclastics

Pyroclastic flows are the most _ of all volcanic phenomena.

Deadly

What type of volcano is built almost entirely of fluid lava flows?

Shield

What are geothermal features that periodically erupt due to superheated water getting trapped behind constrictions?

Geysers

What type of rock is made from particles or pieces of broken rock?

sedimentary

___ are naturally occuring, non-living solids with a unique chemical structure and composition.

Minerals

Which are three properties of minerals?

Streak, Luster, Cleavage

Rapid cooling forms _ rocks that are _.

extrusive, fine-grained

Erosion is the breakdown of a rock or mineral into sediments. (True/False)

True

What are the three types of weathering?

Chemical, mechaical, and biological

What are the three types of sedimentary rock?

clastic, chemical, organic

As we increase current strength and distance of transport, the size of particles _ and the particles become more _ and rounded .

decreases, well-sorted

_ sedimentary rocks originate as precipitates from solution due to natural saturation levels or by biological processes.

chemical

What type of rock are limestones?

Sedimentary

Florida has no naturally occurring igneous or metamorphic rock. (True/False)

True

Which factor of metamorphism is the most important?

Heat

Metamorphism means _.

change in form

Foliation is a fundamental and prominent textural feature of ___ metamorphic rock.

regional

The majority of the crust is made up of _.

silicates

The three effects of erosion depends on are…

amount of water, channel characteristics, and velocity

A(n) _ is a cone-shaped deposit of sediment.

alluvial fan

Which are the three types of loads?

dissolved, suspended, bed

what are three characteristics of meandering streams?

low angle, low velocity, marked by areas of deposition and erosion

What must be the case for porous rocks to be permeable?

Pores must be connected