Simple ID CH 29

Simple Id's 29 & 30

Bull Moose

The four-footed symbol of Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive Party in 1912.

Socialist Party

A fourth political party, led by a former railroad labor union leader, that garnered nearly a million votes in 1912

New Freedom

Wilson’s political philosophy of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition

Federal Reserve Board

A twelve-member agency appointed by the president to oversee the banking system under a new federal law of 1913

Federal Trade Comission

New presidentially appointed regulatory commission designed to prohibit unfair business competition, unethical advertising, and labeling practices

Clayton Antitrust Act

Wilsonian trust-busting law that prohibited interlocking directorates and other monopolistic business practices, while legalizing labor and agricultural organizations

Jones Act

Wilson-backed law that promised the Philippines eventual independence from the United States, but only when a stable and secure government was attained

Haiti

_ Troubled Caribbean island nation where a president’s murder led Wilson to send in the marines and assume American control of the police and finances

ABC Powers

Term for the three Latin American nations whose mediation prevented war between the United States and Mexico in 1914

Central Powers

World War I alliance headed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Allied Powers

The coalition of powers—led by Britain, France, and Russia—that opposed Germany and its partners in World War I.

Submarine or U-Boat

New underwater weapon that threatened neutral shipping and seemed to violate all traditional norms of international law

Lusitania

Large British passenger liner whose sinking in 1915 prompted some Americans to call for war against Germany

Sussex

Germany’s carefully conditional agreement in 1916 not to sink passenger and merchant vessels without warning

California

Key electoral state where a tiny majority for President Wilson tipped the balance against Republican Charles Evans Hughes in 1916

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Southern-born intellectual who pursued strong moral goals in politics and the presidency.

Theodore Roosevelt

Energetic progressive and vigorous nationalist whose failed third-party effort contributed to Wilson’s victory in the election of 1912.

Eugene V Debbs

Socialist party leader who garnered nearly a million votes for president in the election of 1912.

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader who hailed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act as the “Magna Carta of labor.”

Louis D. Brandeis

Leading progressive reformer and the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court.

Virgin Islands

Caribbean territory purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917.

General Huerta –

Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting.

Venustiano Carranza

Second revolutionary Mexican president, who took aid from the United States but strongly resisted American military intervention in his country.

Vera Cruz

Port where clashes between Mexicans and American military forces nearly led to war in 1914.

Pancho Villa –

Mexican revolutionary whose assaults on American citizens and territory provoked a U.S. expedition into Mexico.

John J. Pershing

Commander of the American military expedition into Mexico in 1916–1917.

Belgium

Small European nation whose neutrality was violated by Germany in the early days of World War I.

Serbia

Small European nation in which an Austro-Hungarian heir was killed, leading to the outbreak of World War I.

Kaiser Wilhelm II –

Autocratic ruler who symbolized ruthlessness and arrogance to many pro-Allied Americans.

Charles Evans Hughes

Narrowly unsuccessful presidential candidate who tried to straddle both sides of the fence regarding American policy toward Germany.

Zimmermann Telegram

Message sent to Mexico from the German foreign minister proposing a secret German-Mexican alliance and possible support for Mexico’s recovery of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s idealistic statement of American war aims in January 1918 that inspired the Allies and demoralized the Germans.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

American government propaganda agency that aroused zeal for Wilson’s ideals and whipped up hatred for the Kaiser.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Radical antiwar labor union whose members were prosecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

War Industries Board –

Originally weak wartime agency that gradually expanded the federal government’s power over the economy by setting production quotas and allocating natural resources.

19th amendment

– Constitutional revision endorsed by Wilson as a war measure whose ratification finally achieved a goal long sought by American women.

Liberty Bonds –

Treasury Department bond-selling drives that raised about $21 billion to provide most of the funds to finance the American war effort.

Doughboys

Popular term for American soldiers during World War I.

Big Four

Collective term for the major powers that dominated the Paris Peace Conference—Britain, France, Italy, and the United States.

League of Nations

Wilson’s proposed international body that constituted the key provision of the Versailles Treaty.

Treaty of Versailles

Controversial peace agreement that compromised many of Wilson’s idealistic Fourteen Points but retained his cherished League of Nations among its provisions.

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Senatorial committee whose chairman used delaying tactics and hostile testimony to develop opposition to Wilson’s treaty and League of Nations.

Irreconcilables

A hard core of isolationist senators who bitterly opposed any sort of league; also called the “Battalion of Death.”

Lodge Reservations

Amendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson’s hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America’s sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations.

Solemn Referendum –

Wilson’s belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations.

George Creel

Head of the American propaganda agency that mobilized public opinion for World War I.

Eugene V. Debs –

Socialist leader who won nearly a million votes as a presidential candidate while in federal prison for antiwar activities.

Bernard Baruch

Head of the War Industries Board, which attempted to impose some order on U.S. war production.

Herbert Hoover

Head of the Food Administration who pioneered successful voluntary mobilization methods.

John J. Pershing –

Commander of the overseas American Expeditionary Force in World War I.

Alice Paul

Leader of the pacifist National Women’s Party who opposed U.S. involvement in World War I.

Franklin D. Roosevelt –

Exciting vice-presidential candidate from New York in the losing Democratic campaign of 1920.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Hated leader of America’s enemy in World War I.

Woodrow Wilson –

Inspirational leader of the Western world in wartime who later stumbled as a peacemaker.

Henry Cabot Lodge –

Wilson’s great senatorial antagonist who fought to keep America out of the League of Nations.

Georges Clemenceau

The “tiger” of France, whose drive for security forced Wilson to compromise at Versailles.

William Borah –

Senatorial leader of the isolationist irreconcilables who absolutely opposed all American involvement in Europe.

James Cox –

Defeated Democratic presidential candidate in the election of 1920.

Calvin Coolidge

Massachusetts governor and Warren G. Harding’s vice-presidential running mate in the election of 1920.

Warren G. Harding

Folksy Ohio senator whose 1920 presidential victory ended the last hopes for U.S. participation in the League of Nations.