Animal Science Exam 1 Study guide (Notes)

Diet consists of both plants and animal tissue

Define Omnivorous behavior

1. Omnivorous behavior

2. Fire Controlled

3. Glacial Exodus Ends

What were the building blocks towards domestication?

Created extinction, famine, and choice

What was the Glacial Exodus?

Provided the ability to cook meat, which then led to being able to prevent food borne illness.

What was the significance of fire control?

The settling of clans and the beginning of agriculture

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

The conscious production of biological products to meet human needs

Define Agriculture

A species of animal who has been purposefully genetically altered to meet human needs

Define Domesticated Species

In time health increased, labor became divided, cultures formed, and animals became part of the humanities

What were the results of domestication?

An increased dependency and and an intensified need to breed. This led to our relationships becoming symbiotic

As domestication expanded our relationships involved into what?

In order to live comfortable with domesticated animals, to increase productivity, reduce stress, and maximize human safety

Why do we study behavior and handling?

Being able to describe categories of innate and learning behavior, explaining principles of moving livestock with minimal stress, and being able to identify some common methods of "restraint" and control

What were the outcomes of studying behavior and handling?

The way an animal reacts to a stimulus

Define Behavior

Habituation, conditioning, extinction, and imprinted behavior

What are some learning behaviors?

Desensitization

What is habituation?

"cue, response, reward"- acquire new response by association with old one

What is conditioning?

Reinforcement not continued

What is extinction?

Phase/age sensitive learning (independent of consequences)

What is imprinted behavior?

Ingestive, eliminative, shelter seeking, investigative, agonistic, sexual, mother of offspring, and social organization/domestic hierarchy

What are the categories of innate animal behavior?

Lower stress handling

Innate behavior can be used to accomplish ___________.

For the animal to move itself with no force and minimal stress

What is the goal of 'working' livestock?

What are some common distractions when 'working' livestock?

puddle reflections, chain noise, shadows, high pitch noises, etc...

Skin rafts and oils/glands

How do dogs smell a person?

Orientation is on footprints, they will ignore fresher airborne rafts that are not on track, may need sent article and follows footsteps

Define a tracking dog.

A known PLS

Where does a tracking dog start?

An animal that uses scent detection, they follow rafts that have fallen to the ground or onto higher vegetation.

What is a Trailing Dog?

They follow human scent and not the ground disturbance, the wind moves the sent way form the path over time, so the dog will leave the tack to follow the fresher air-borne scent

How does a trailing dog work?

These dogs work in wind patters, they pick up airborne scent cone from missing person, and they may ignore ground scent

What is an area search/wilderness dog?

The handler works the dog based on terrain and conditions, the dog will then hit the sent cone and work in a zig-zag in order to find the person

How do search/wilderness dogs work?

Search, locate, report

What is the 3-step behavior to scent detection and location?

A natural behavior of the dog that occurs when the dog hots a source of scent

Define Alert/indication when concerning a service dog.

The trained behavior telling their handler they have made a find

Define Final response when concerning a service dog.

The animal that displays the highest likelihood of success and one that will train to deployable level in least amount of time

How do we select a canine candidate for search and rescue?

The dog is at least 12 months old, in good physical condition, and they performed in an unfamiliar area

What is the screening process?

Drive, nerve strength, sociability, and physical screening

When selecting an animal for search and rescues what are the selection process components?

Good appetite, content and comfortable, alert, productive, physical norms, and temperament

What is normal behavior in animals?

Body condition scores, consumption rate, feces score, biol tests, assays, and vial signs

How can normal be measured?

Any difference that an animal displays from their normal behavior or "a difference from normal"

Define Disease

Physiological, anatomical, or chemical changes, impairment to function, and inability to adapt to environment

What do some disease deviations include?

Infectious or non-infectious

How are "deviations from normal" acquired?

A disease that is infection and is transmitted from animal to animal

Define infectious disease

A genetic abnormality, environmental stress or injury, chemical toxicity or deficiency, and digestive disease

Define non-infectious disease

Selection, handling, facilities, training, conditioning, and control intake

How can we prevent/treat a non-infectious disease?

Viruses, bacteria, prions, protozoa, etc...

What are some examples of infectious diseases?

This is a protein capsule that lacks ribosomes (not a 'cell'), it is not antibiotic responsive, and it needs a host cell to survive and will destroy cells as they reproduce

What is a virus?

A one-celled prokaryote with a cell wall that is antibiotic sensitive

What is bacteria?

Abnormal protein that affects the nervous system. It has a long incubation period

What are prions?

Eukaryotic that form 2 infections, they produce toxins

What are fungi and molds?

Antifungals

How do we treat fungi and molds?

Worms, bots, and grubs

What are some examples of Endoparasites?

Flies, fleas, ticks, lice

What are some examples of ectoparasites?

Organisms that survive on the external surface of their host, they often transmit other diseases

Define Ectoparasites

Chemical insecticides (not vaccines)

How do you treat ectoparasites?

Organisms that survive on the internal surfaces of hosts, they have a complex life cycle with multiple hosts

Define endoparasites

How do you treat endoparasites?

Anthelmintics (not vaccines and not antibiotics)

An endoparasite that is single celled and known as eukaryotic (membrane bound nucleus)

What is a Protozoa?

Reservoir, venue of transmission, and susceptible animal

What are the "links" of transmission?

Stops movement, limits auctions and exhibition, and is on farm isolation areas (Quarantine)

Explain the reservoir link

Sanitation, anthelmintics insecticides, and pharmaceuticals

Explain the Transmission link.

Sanitation, vest assisted planning, records and analysis, following labels, and using good facilities

What are some examples of biosecurity?

91%

What percent of the US seafood supply is imported?

The farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants

Define Aquaculture

Norway

Who is the number one producer of farmed salmon?

60+ producers

How many aquaculture producers are there in Iowa?

A microorganism that can grow with or without oxygen, very salt tolerant, and is able to survive refrigeration. Is also a problem in ready to eat meat

What is Listeria Monocytogenes?

Young children, pregnant women, and people with a weakened immune system

Who are some at risk populations concerning Listeria Monocytogenes?

Microscopic forms of life that are widely dispersed in the environment

Define microorganisms

Cocci

What is this shape of bacteria?

Rod

What is this shape of bacteria?

Helical

What is this shape of bacteria?

Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors

What are the factors that affect microbial growth in the food system?

Associated with the food itself

Examples: nutrients, water activity, and pH

Define Intrinsic factors

Associated with the storage environment

Examples: Storage temperature, relative humidity, and gaseous atmosphere

Define Extrinsic factors

This is known as the cafeteria bug, it is a vegetative cell that is destroyed by cooking. These spores live an eternity and they can grow in areas where there is little to no oxygen

What are Clostridium Perfringens?

In the microflora of sheep and cattle, it can survive extremely acidic conditions. (low infectious dose)

Where does E. coli generally live?

Stool of infected person (15-50 days), illness several weeks to several months

What is the "vehicle" for Hepatitis A?

Cooking temperature for ground meat?

160

Cooking temperature of ground poultry

165

145

Cooking temperature fresh meat

165

Cooking temperature of fresh poultry

145

Cooking temperature of pork and ham

everything

Make sure you clean...

40 or below

You chill meat to

raw from cooked meat

You separate

40-140

What is the danger zone

60 days

What is the withdraw time for Scour Bos 9?

60 days

What is the withdraw time for Vira Shield 5+VL5 Somnus?

8 days

What is the withdraw time for Panacur Cattle Dewormer?

None

What is the withdraw time for Saber Pour-On Insecticide?

Soy Bean Stover

Corn Stover

Grass Hay

Straw

Beet pulp

Cottonseed Hulls

Alfalfa Hay

Corn silage

Alfalfa Haylage

Corn

Wheat

Rye