Skulls

Splanchnocranium

Derived from neural crest cells, forms the jaw and hyoid apparatus, contributing to middle ear bones in mammals.

Chondrocranium

Originates from mesodermal mesenchyme, forms the skull base, protects the brain, and ossifies in vertebrates.

Dermatocranium

Arises from dermal mesenchyme, forms the outer skull casing, absent in jawless fish.

Cranial Kinesis

Movement between skull bones beyond the jaw joint, enhancing feeding flexibility.

Jaw Protrusion and Suction Feeding

Mechanics used by fish involving the protrusion of the upper jaw and expansion of the buccal cavity.

Scleral Ossicles

Bony plates in the eye's sclera found in birds, reptiles, and fish, supporting shape and aiding in vision.

Turbinates

Curled bones in the nasal cavity, functioning to warm and humidify air, enhancing olfaction.

Cribriform Plate

Part of the ethmoid bone at the roof of the nasal cavity, allowing olfactory nerve fibers to pass.

Zygomatic Arch

Formed from zygomatic process and temporal process, important for jaw muscle attachment in mammals.

Secondary Palate

Separates nasal and oral cavities, allowing mammals to breathe while chewing.

Mammalian Middle Ear Bones

Includes malleus, incus, and stapes, evolved from reptilian jaw bones.

Fused Lower Jaw Halves

Characteristic of snakes allowing 'walk feeding' over prey.

Dermal Bones

Bones that form the outer skull, including facial, orbital, and temporal groups.

Independent Movement of Upper Jaw Bones

Adaptation in snakes allowing them to capture and consume prey efficiently.

Occipital Condyles

Two condyles connecting the skull to the atlas vertebra, allowing nodding motion.

Fish Skull Adaptations

Include various unique bones such as opercular and dentary tailored to aquatic life.

Mandibular Group of Bones

Includes dentary and angular bones within the dermatocranium.

Palatal Group of Bones

Forms the roof of the mouth, including vomer and palatine bones.

Temporal Group of Bones

Include squamosal and quadratojugal, part of the dermal bone structure.

Vault Group of Bones

Covers the brain, including frontal and parietal bones.