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Thurgood Marshall
A powerful proponent of equality that served as a supreme court justice.
Brown v. Board of Education
A 1954 case in which the supreme court ruled that “separate but equal” education for black and white students was unconstitutional.
Rosa Parks
Equal rights icon; started the Montgomery bus boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A well known civil tights figure. Gave the “I have a dream” speech.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
An organization formed in 1957 by MLKJ and other leaders to work for civil rights through non-violent means.
Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee
An organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement.
Sit-in
A form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest discrimination in which the protests sit down in a segregated business and refused to leave until they are served.
Freedom riders
One of the civil rights activists who rode bases through the south in the early 1960’s to challenge segregation.
James Meredith
Won a federal court case that allowed him to attend a white university, (Ole Miss) but was targeted by racist groups and the state of Mississippi.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public areas and most workplaces.
Freedom Summer
A 1964 project to register African-American voters in Mississippi.
Fannie Lou Hamer
The voice for African Americans at the 1964 Democratic National Convention.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A law that made it easier for African Americans to register to vote.
de facto segregation
Racial separation established by practice and custom, not law.
de jure segregation
Racial separation established by law.
Malcolm X
Member of the nation of Islam, a black supremist who preached anti-white rhetoric and separation.
Nation of Islam
A religious group, known as Black Muslims, that promoted black separation and Islam.
Black Power
A slogan used to encourage black pride and leadership.
Black Panthers
A militant African American political organization formed to fight police brutality and provide services to ghettos.
Civil Rights Act of 1968
A law that banned discrimination in housing.
Affirmative Action
A policy that favors groups who were previously disadvantaged.