History CLEP - Unit 2

George Westinghouse

used alternating currents, distance transmission more efficient

Samuel Insull

electric utility empire

Henry Villard and JP Morgan

financiers, start General Electric Company

Thomas Edison

“wizard of Menlo Park”, first major industrial research laboratory

Pullman Town

employees paid rent in his houses, bought groceries at his store, and worked in his factory

Holden v Hardy

upheld law regulating miners’ hours to prevent injury

Lochner v New York

voided law limiting hours of bakery workers

Muller v Oregon

upheld limiting laundry women’s workday, for women’s well-being

Interstate Commerce Act

federal government can regulate interstate trade in the public interest

Sherman Antitrust Act

illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade, didn’t define trust so hard to enforce

Knights of Labor

open to all

American Federation of Labor

Samuel Gompers, focused on collective bargaining and negotiation

Great Strike of 1877

railroad workers strike after 2nd wage cut in two months, president has to step in

Haymarket Affair

protest against police brutality, someone throws a bomb, several people die

American Railway Union

Eugene Debs, skilled and unskilled workers, socialist agenda

Homestead Strike

strike at Carnegie’s steel factory because of wage cuts, Pennsylvania National Guard called in

Pullman Company Strike

president called in, national guard strikers fired

the modern city

distinct districts (working class, downtown, suburbs), mass transportation

old immigration

northern and Western Europe, mostly protestant and literate

new immigration

southern and Eastern Europe, mostly catholic/jewish and illiterate

Chinese Exclusion Act

suspended Chinese immigration and prohibited naturalization of Chinese

Geary Act

Chinese must carry certificates of residence

Gentlemen’s Agreement

US-Japanese understanding to discourage immigration

Emergency Quota Act and National Origins Act

severely restricted immigration by establishing national quotas that discriminated against immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe and excluded Asians altogether

tenements

multifamily urban dwellings due to shortage of adequate housing in the cities

Housing Reform

laws establish light, ventilation, and safety codes

Jacob Riis and Lawrence Veiller

advocated for model tenements with spacious rooms and better facilities

political machines

organizations whose main goals were the rewards of getting and keeping power, money, influence, and prestige, routinely used fraud and bribery to further their ends

political boss

built power bases among urban working classes, especially new immigrants, wanted votes

William Randolph Hearst

filled papers with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, and crime

Ashcan school of American art

painted urban life