Animal Science exam part 1

What does animal science research cover at Rutgers?

Endocrine regulation of growth, reproduction, and behavior; Exercise physiology, nutrition, and reproduction; Animal health and the environment

What is the Rutgers Animal Welfare Policy?

A policy that governs the use of animals in research, instruction, and demonstration, ensuring humane care and ethical use of vertebrate animals in compliance with federal regulations

What is the role of the Rutgers Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?

To provide oversight for the humane care and ethical use of animals in research at Rutgers

What are the three types of animal products?

Clothing, food, and service/work

What are some examples of animal products used for clothing?

Leather, wool, catgut, mohair, cashmere, angora, silk, horsehair, feathers/down

What are some examples of animal products used for service/work?

Moving power horses, companionship, seeing eye/assistance, search and rescue, fertilizer/energy

What are some examples of animal products used for food?

Eggs, meat, milk, and dairy products

What percentage of calories do animal food products provide in the US?

33%

What percentage of protein do animal food products provide in the US?

67%

What percentage of calories do animal food products provide worldwide?

16%

What percentage of protein do animal food products provide worldwide?

35%

What caused a dip in egg production in 2008?

Misinformation claiming eggs were unhealthy

What is the main source of chickens?

Egg production

What is the average egg production of leghorns?

Nearly daily legging and 300 eggs per year.

Name the top states for egg production.

Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and California.

Is there a nutritional difference between brown and white eggs?

No, there is no nutritional difference between brown and white eggs.

What is the new demand for 'designer eggs'?

Designer eggs are rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

What determines the color of the yolk?

The color of the yolk depends on how the hens were raised. More access to grass means a more orange yolk.

What percentage of eggs were produced for table consumption in 2017?

About 56% of eggs were produced for table consumption in 2017.

What are the top consumed meats?

Chicken, beef, pork, turkey, lamb/mutton, veal, kid/chevon, fish/shellfish.

Name some less common meats.

Venison, rabbit, guinea pig, reptile, amphibians, whale, rodent.

What is the age at slaughter for broilers?

Broilers are slaughtered at 6-8 weeks of age.

What is the age at slaughter for turkeys?

Turkeys are slaughtered at 6 months of age.

When did per capita chicken consumption exceed per capita beef consumption?

In 1990, per capita chicken consumption exceeded per capita beef consumption.

Why did chicken meat become accessible?

Chicken meat became accessible as a byproduct of egg production.

When was chicken bred specifically for meat?

Chicken was bred specifically for meat in the 1940s.

What is vertical integration in the poultry industry?

Vertical integration means a single company is involved in every process, stabilizing the relationships between inputs, production, and marketing segments.

What are the benefits of vertical integration in the poultry industry?

Benefits include fewer worker hours due to improved technology and larger flock sizes, a reduction in feed due to discoveries in genetics and nutrition, and better health programs for bird welfare.

What is vertical integration?

Ownership of multiple stages of production in an industry.

Which industry benefits from vertical integration?

Poultry industry.

Which industry does not use vertical integration?

Beef industry.

Where is pork produced?

Both sides of the Mississippi River.

What type of animals are pigs?

Nonruminants.

What is the diet of pigs?

Corn and soybean meals.

How quickly do pigs grow?

They grow rapidly, taking 6 months from birth to the packing plant.

What happens after a pig is born?

It is sold to be shown in a competition or fair.

How long does it take for a pig to reach market weight?

About 6 months.

What is the average litter size for pigs?

12 piglets.

What is the industry for beef located?

West of the Mississippi River.

What type of animals are cows?

Ruminants.

What is the gestation time for cows?

Relatively long.

How many calves does a cow typically have?

Single calf.

What are the different operations in the beef industry?

Cow/Calf operation, Breeding operation, Stocker/Yearling, Feedlots (Finishing), Packing Plant.

What is the finishing process for beef?

It can be done on pasture or in a feedlot.

What is the diet of beef cattle?

Mostly grass, with some grain in the finishing stage.

What is the inventory of U.S. cattle in 2019?

100,000,000 million head.

What is the concentration of lamb/mutton production?

West of the Mississippi River.

What type of animals are sheep?

Ruminants.

Forage/pasture & grain (corn and soybean meal)

Feed sources for livestock

Industry is shrinking

Decline in size or production of the industry

Lamb

Young sheep under 1 year old

6-8 weeks of age for spring religious holidays

Age at which lambs are typically consumed during spring religious holidays

6-10 months of age at other times

Age at which lambs are typically consumed outside of spring religious holidays

Mutton

Meat from mature sheep

May be several years old

Age range for mutton

Youngest mutton is after a year, but most of the time 2-3 years old

Typical age range for mutton

Sheep and Lambs United states 1997-2017

Data on sheep and lamb production in the United States from 1997 to 2017

Vertical Integration - Revisited

Revisiting the concept of vertical integration in the livestock industry

What's the industry that is the prime example of vertical integration

Poultry industry

Pork is the middle of the line

Pork industry has moderate vertical integration

And beef is not very vertically integrated

Beef industry has low vertical integration

Long gestation period

Lengthy period of pregnancy for livestock

Longer to raise one animal

More time required to raise one animal compared to others

Time and commitment it takes is very long so it isn't as easy as poultry

Raising livestock takes more time and commitment compared to poultry

iNCENTIVES FOR vertical integration

Factors that motivate vertical integration in the livestock industry

Beef - not much

Low incentives for vertical integration in the beef industry

Pork- moderate, improving

Moderate incentives for vertical integration in the pork industry, with improvements

Poultry- very high

High incentives for vertical integration in the poultry industry

Value-added detail retail products

Products that have additional features or benefits to increase their value

Name Brands

Products that are marketed under a specific brand name

New Product Marketing

Promoting and selling newly introduced products

They're trying to integrate pork like poultry but it is harder

Efforts to increase vertical integration in the pork industry face challenges

Milk & Dairy Products

Products derived from milk

Fluid Milk

Milk that is in liquid form

Butter

Dairy product made from churning milk or cream

Fermented Products

Products made through the process of fermentation

Frozen Products

Products that are frozen for preservation

In the U.S. The milk industry is super regulated

The milk industry in the U.S. is highly regulated

Dairy product classification

Categorization of dairy products

Class 1: Fluid products Milk, cream half and half

Category of dairy products that includes milk, cream, and half and half

Class 2: Manufactured products, cheese, butter, yogurt

Category of dairy products that includes cheese, butter, and yogurt

All food products must be grade A

All food products must meet grade A standards

Milk standards based on quality and sanitation

Standards for milk production based on quality and sanitation

All milk (fluid products) must be Grade A

All fluid milk must meet grade A standards

Grade B only used in manufacturing non-fluid dairy products (cheese, butter, etc.)

Grade B milk is used for non-fluid dairy products

Millions of pounds produced per year Total U.S. Cheese Production, June

Annual cheese production in the U.S. in millions of pounds

Mozzarella is at the top of what we produce

Mozzarella is the most produced cheese in the U.S.

Food- Milk and dairy products

Food products derived from milk and dairy

Cow milk the major source

Cow milk is the primary source of dairy products

Industry concentrated in two regions Great lakes and New England

Concentration of dairy industry in the Great Lakes and New England regions

Southeast through to California

Expansion of dairy industry from the Southeast to California

Milk composition

Composition of milk in terms of its components

88% water

Water content in milk

4.8% lactose (milk sugar)

Lactose content in milk

3.3% protein

Protein content in milk

3.8% Fat

Fat content in milk

0.1% Ash (Minerals)

Mineral content in milk

Milk Production 2009-2018

Data on milk production from 2009 to 2018

Fibers

Materials used for making textiles

Clothing/Fiber

Textiles used for making clothing