organic chemistry 3: bonding

Quantum number n is the [...] quantum number and gives the electron [...]

principal

energy level or shell number

• 1,2,3….

• expect doe d- and f-orbits the shel # matches the row of the periodic table

Quantum number l is the [...] quantum number and gives the [...] of an orbital

azimuthal

3D- shape (subshell)

• 0, 1, 2, …, n-1

  0 = s orbital

  1 = p orbital

  2 = d orbital

  3 = f orbital

  4 = g orbital

Quantum number m_l is the [...] quantum number and gives the orbital [...]

magnetic

sub-type

• integers -L to +L

• the orientation of electrons orbitals with respect to the three axes in space x, y,z

Quantum number m_s is the [...] quantum number and gives the [...] of the electron

spin

electronic spin

+1/2, -1/2

[...] orbitals are obtained by combining the [...] orbitals from the individual atoms that make up the molecule

molecular, atomic

molecular orbital theory is able to explain why some bonds between atoms are observed to be in between a single and aboudle bond valence-bond theory, the more traditional theory cannot explain these “hybridized” bonds

Bonding orbitals are created by overlap of atomic orbitals of the [same or opposite] sign

same

Antibonding orbitals are created by overlap of atomic orbitals of the [same or opposite] signs

opposite

Give the number of sigma and pi bonds for each bond order

[...]

Multiple bonds are [more or less] flexible than single bonds 

less

• this is because rotation is not permitted in the presence of π bond

Multiple bonds are [shorter or longer] than single bonds

shorter

[...] is the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals

orbital hybridization

• included sp³ sp² sp

sp³ hybridization is [%] s character and [%] p character

25% s character and 75% p character

sp² hybridization is [%] s character and [%] p character

33% s character and 67% p character

sp hybridization is [%] s character and [%] p character

50% s character and 50% p character

[...] occurs when single and multiple bonds alternate

conjugation

• this creates a system of unhybridized p orbitals down the back the backbone of the molecule through which p electrons can delocalize

[...] is the delocalization of electrons in molecules that have conjugated bonds

resonance