A&P chapt 4

Structures with structural and functional properties

Tissues

tissues in combination form ________, such as the heart or liver

organs

Organs can be grouped into ___ _____ systems

11 organ

Collections of cells and cell products that preform specific, limited functions

Tissues

The four types of tissues are

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and forms glands.

epithelial tissue

fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, stores energy

connective tissue

Specialized for contraction

muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and walls of hollow organs are all

Muscle tissue

carries electrical messages to one part of the body to another

Neural tissue

Layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

epithelia

Strictures that produce secretions

Glands

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration are all characteristics of

Epithelia

Cellularity

(cell junctions) cells fit closely together

Polarity

apical and basal surfaces

attachment

Base membrane or basal lamina

Avascularity

no blood vessels

Providing physical protection, controlling permeability, providing sensation, and producing specialized secretions (glandular epithelium) are all functions of

Epithelial tissue

Moving fluids over the epithelium (protection), moving fluids through the epithelium (permeability), and producing secretions (protection and messengers) are all

Specializations of epithelium cells

Apical surfaces, basolateral surfaces, and epithelial maintenance and repair all have

Polarity

Microvilli increase absorption or secretion, cilia (ciliated epithelium) moved fluid are

Apical surfaces

Intracellular connections

support and communication

CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

transmembrane proteins

Intracellular cement

proteoglycans

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

glycosaminoglycans

Support and communication

CAMs, intracellular cement, hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

cell junctions

form bonds with other cells or extracellular material

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions all

Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material

These are located between 2 plasma membranes

Tight junctions

Attaches to terminal web

Adhesion belt

Tight junctions prevent passage of

water and solutes

tight junctions isolates wastes in the

Lumen

Allow rapid communication

gap junctions

gap junctions are held together by

channel proteins

Channel proteins include

Junctions proteins, connexons

Gap junctions allow _____ to pass

ions

Gap junctions coordinate contractions in

Heart muscle

CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement ; spot desmosomes; hemdiesmosomes

Desmosomes

These attach cells to the basement membrane

Hemidesmosomes

These tie cells together and allow bending and twisting

Spot desmosomes

The 2 structures that make up the basement membrane

Clear layer and dense layer

Clear Layer is also known as

Lamina lucida

dense layer is also known as

Lamina densa

This is a thin layer, secreted by epithelia, and a barrier to proteins

Clear layer

This is thick fibers, produced by connective tissue, and provides strength and filtratiuon

Dense layer

Which of the following structures contain connexons

Gap junctions

These permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between 2 cells

Gap junctions

how is a tight junction formed

by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes

These tie adjacent cells together

Spot desmosome

Epithelia are replaced by division of

germinative cells (stem cells)

Epithelial Maintenance and Repair are located

Near basement membrane

Epithelium

Singular

Epithelia

Plural

Epithelial are classed based on

Shape and layers

Thin and flat

squamous epithelia

Square shaped

cuboidal epithelia

tall, slender rectangles

columnar epithelia

single layer of cells

simple epithelium

Several layers of cells

stratified epithelium

Movement across membranes

Simple

Tell function of cell

Layers

Protection

Stratified

simple squamous epithelium, mesothelium, endothelium are all

Squamous epithelia

Absorption and diffusion occur in

Simple squamous epithelium

This lines body cavities

Mesothelium

This lines heart and blood vessels

Endothelium

This is located in mesothelia lining pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs

Simple squamous epithelium

The functions of this are reducing friction ; controls vessel permeability; preforms absorption and secretion

Simple squamous epithelium

This protects against attacks

Stratified squamous epithelium

This is located on the surface of the skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina

Stratified squamous epithelium

This protein adds strength and water resistancwe

Keratin

This provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack

Stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelial cell diagram

Gap junction

Tight junction

Spot desosome

Hemidesmoosme

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified columnar epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelia are classified as

Cuboidal epithelia

Secretion and absorption occur in the

Simpler cuboidal epithelium

Sweat ducts and mammary ducts are located in the

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid gland are located in the

Simple cuboidal epithelium

The functions of this are limited protection, secretion, and absorption

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simpler cuboidal epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

The lining of some ducts (rare) are located in the

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Protection, secretion, and absorption are the functions of the

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

This tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage

Transitional epithelium

The appearance of this changes as stretching occurs

Transitional epithelium

This it situated in regions of the urinary system (ex: urinary bladder)

Transitional epithelium

Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters are located in the

Transitional epithelium