Adv. World History Semester Exam Review

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

City-States of Italy

Italy divided into these. Major ones were Florence, Venice, and Milan. Medici family influenced Florence. France/Spain will come to take over Kingdoms ending the Renaissance bc of turmoil

Greek and Roman culture

Rediscovery of this was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance

Humanism

The idea or belief that what humans did was something important, significant, and worthy of study

Secularism

The belief that worldly things are important

Patron of the Arts

a person who provides financial or other support for artists

Renaissance Man

A person with many talents or areas of knowledge. Ex: Leonardo Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Painted the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the MARBLE David

Donatello

sculpted the bronze David

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Raphael

Known for his Madonna and Child paintings, as well as the School of Athens

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote The Book of the Courtier

Vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

Pieter Bruegel

Flemish painter, used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life

Christian Humanism

Sought to reform and improve society based on the teachings of the Bible.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. He wrote "The Praise of Folly."

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote "Utopia", a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Johann Gutenberg

He improved upon the Chinese Printing Press

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Indulgence

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Sola Scriptura

Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth

Sola Fide

Faith Alone; Salvation comes from faith in Christ alone

Sola Gratia

God has the authority to say who is forgiven, by his grace alone.

Ulrich Zwingli

Believed that a Christian life rested on scripture which was the sole basis for religious truth.

Excommunication

The Pope threatened Martin Luther with this form of punishment, the act of banishing someone from the Catholic Church.

Edict of Worms

declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and Luther himself captured

German Peasant Revolt

This event is when peasants were inspired by Luther's ideas to revolt against their rulers and achieve equality, Luther opposed them and believed order was necessary.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that gave the princes freedom to choose the religion for their territory.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with the Catholic Church.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Anne Boleyn

the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I

Jane Seymour

the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI

Edward VI of England

Henry VIII's son, took over the throne at nine years old

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury, Protestant advisor to Edward VI

Mary I of England

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon of England; "bloody Mary"; attempts to return England to Catholicism by persecution of protestants

Elizabeth I of England

The "Virgin Queen" who was Mary's half-sister and was a Protestant herself. She eased some of the internal tensions within England and worked closely with Parliament. She died with no heirs and ended the Tudor dynasty.

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Pope Paul III

He was the Pope that took the most steps toward reforming the Catholic Church

God, Glory, Gold

Motives for European exploration

Caravel

triangular sails

magnetic compass

compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north

Astrolabe

instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

Portugal

This country led overseas exploration

Henry the Navigator

Catholic Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal)

Sailed to the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa. Mapped the west coast of Africa.

Vasco da Gama

Used Dias's mappings to become the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. Mapped the east coast of Africa.

Christopher Columbus

Convinced the Spanish monarchs that the Earth was pear-shaped and landed in the Bahamas (not India) in 1492

Line of Demarcation

Imaginary boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. Died in a skirmish with the natives in the Philippines.

Dutch East India Company

The company responsible for the Dutch getting involved in exploration. They provided the ships and the crew.

Cape of Good Hope

The Dutch took it from Portugal, effectively ending Portugal's dominance in exploration.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Dynastic Cycle

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

Tribute System

An arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor or often kowtow (bow) to the Chinese system.

Hongwu

First Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry. He eventually became crazy

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Yongle

Fourth son of Hongwu, moved China's capital city from Nanjing to Beijing (Forbidden City).

Seven Voyages of Exploration

Yongle sent Zheng He on these voyages for political and diplomatic nature and demonstrated the development of China as a maritime power

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia

Manchu Invasion

This event caused the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Kangxi

Confucian scholar and the first Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722

Qianlong

Qing emperor who ruled during the empire's greatest territorial expansion and prosperity. Late in his reign, corruption began to infect the state bureaucracy. Rejected an English attempt to establish diplomatic relations.

Warring States Period

Samurai led their city-states into battle against other samurai and their states.

Daimyo

Powerful landowning samurai

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Feudalism

Social Hierarchy, Emperor-Shogun-Daimyo-Samurai-Peasants

Oda Nobunaga

Daimyo who hoped to control all of Japan and seized Kyoto.

Seppuku

Ritual suicide for Samurai

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Daimyo who tried to unify Japan but failed because he tried to take Korea and other lands at the same time.

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary who was the first missionary to enter Japan. He died while seeking admittance to China to evangelize there. He came from a life of prayer.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Unified Japan then became shogun; beginning of the Tokugawa Shogunate Period

Tokugawa Shogunate Period

period of rule during which the Tokugawa family held power as Shoguns

colony

A land settled by a foreign nation and claimed as their own

Hernan Cortes

Conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire

Conquistador

Spanish conqueror and explorer

Francisco Pizarro

Conqueror of the Inca Empire in Peru for the Spanish

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Encomienda

The Spanish used the Native Americans to do unpaid work.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a "New World"

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire with a population of 160,000 people

Montezuma

Emperor of the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish conquest

Dona Marina

Cortes' Native American translator

Cuzco

Capital of the Incan empire with a population of 10 million people

Golden Century

The Spanish gained a lot of gold from the Native Americans, and they became rich, but this soon led to inflation.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

Pilgrims

A group of Protestants that wanted to completely separate from the Anglican Church

Puritans

Calvinists who wanted to start their own community or utopia in America