Unit 3 Test Psychology

Graver

The three steps to forming a memory

The three steps to forming a memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

encoding-

1-processing of information into the memory system

storage-

2-the retention of encoded material overtime

retrieval

3-the process of getting the information out of memory storage

types(not ways) of encoding

acoustic/phonemic, visual/structural, semantic

order of types of encoding from most effective to least effective

semantic, acoustic, visual

two ways (not types) to encode information

automatic processing, effortful processing

automatic processing-

unconscious encoding of incidental information

automatic processing examples-

space, time, frequency

effortful processing-

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

most common form of effortful processing-

rehearsal

kinds of rehearsal-

maintenance and elaborative

maintenance rehearsal-

the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information

elaborative rehearsal-

elaborating on the information by thinking about the meaning and using it

testing effect-

memory improved when you test yourself during retrieval

what can affect encoding

next in line effect, spacing effect, serial positioning effect

serial positioning effect-

our tendency to recall the first and last items on a list

types of serial positioning effect-

primacy, recency

primacy effect-

tendency to remember beginning of list

recency effect-

tendency to remember end of list

trick to encode-

mnemonic device

semantic encoding trick-

chunking

chunking-

organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically

what is a form of chunking-

acronyms

self reference effect

the idea that we remember things when they are used to describe ourselves

how is information saved in your memory system-

storage

information is stored in these stages in order-

sensory, short term, working memory, long term memory

sensory memory-

immediate recording of sensory information in the memory system, stored for instant, most unprocessed

types of sensory memory-

iconic, echoic

Iconic memory-

sensory memory-visual (1/10 second)(motion and change)

echoic memory-

sensory memory-auditory (3-4 seconds)

short term memory-

memory that holds a few items briefly (30 seconds) (7 +/- 2 items) (info goes to long term or is forgotten)

method of moving info from short term to long term-

rehearsal

working memory-

processes short term memory, much longer than short term

parts of working memory-

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

phonological loop-

acts like an inner voice rehearsing information on a loop

visuospatial sketchpad-

helps us keep track of the visual information around us

central executive-

coordinates working memory parts and focuses attention

long term memory-

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse

types of long term memory-

implicit memory, explicit memory

implicit memory-

procedural, memories of how to do something, cerebellum, unaware of

explicit memory-

declarative, memories of facts and experiences, hippocampus, aware of

PIED

Procedural=Implicit Explicit=Declarative

amygdala

stress from amygdala releases hormone that assists long term memory

flashbulb memory-

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

stress during retrieval-

worsens memory

memories are located in

a network of interconnected neurons

long term potentiation

long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons by repeated stimulation

effects of LTP

• increases the neural connections/#of synapses,

• makes it easier and faster for the neuron to release neurotransmitter,

• increases receptor sites

recall

retrieval of information from your memory

recall example

fill in the blank tests

recognition

identify the target from possible targets

recognition example

mcqs

retrieval cues

things that help us remember

examples of retrieval cues

priming, context effects

priming effect

more likely to remember something seen recently

types of priming

repetition and semantic

repetition priming

easier to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

semantic priming

easier to recognize someone or a word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

context effects

put yourself in same context as situation, more likely to remeber something from situation

mood congruent memory

tendency to recall experiences that
are consistent with one's current good or
bad mood. happy=happy memories

encoding failure

fail to encode info and it never has chance at long term memory

storage decay

When you encode, but still forget

without rehearsal we can

forget things over time

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

looks like an L

retrieval failure

memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you cannot access the memory.

another name for retrieval failure

tip of the tongue phenomenon

interference

Learning some items may interfere with your ability to retrieve others

Porn

Proactive-Old is remembered

Retroactive-New is remembered

😳😳😳

types of amnesia

retrograde and anterograde

retrograde amnesia

Memory loss from the point of injury backwards. Can form new memories

anterograde amnesia

Memory loss from the point of injury or illness forward. Can’t form new memories. Most often with forms of dementia

infantile amnesia

people don’t remember things from when they were kids because there hippocampus is underdeveloped.

memory construction

Your expectations, schemas &, environment may alter what you encode or how you retrieve.

examples of memory construction

misinformation effect and source amnesia

misinformation effect

tendency for things you learned after an event to have an effect on memory

Elizabeth Loftus

Constructed memories, Car accident reconstruction, Lost in the mall study, Bugs Bunny study

source amnesia

inability to recall the source of a piece of information

Imagination inflation

a type of source misattribution where a person thinks something happened when they really just imagined it.

repression

Sigmund Freud’s says you purposefully banish anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories