Module 1

Theories in Learning

Patient Education

It is the process of helping someone to learn through planned sequences of teaching, supportive activity, and directed practice and reinforcement.

Patient Teaching

It is defined as the interpersonal intervention that uses stimuli already in the environment or creates new ones to help the patient develop new thoughts and skills, and is permanent enough to be useful in behavioral change.

Health Education Perspective

It refers to the major function of standard care given by nurses.

Florence Nightingale

A part of historical development in health education wherein she emphasized the importance of teaching patients the need for adequate nutrition, fresh air, exercise, and personal hygiene to improve their well-being.

Early 1900s

A period of time of historical development in health education where nurses clearly understood the significance of the role of nurse as teacher.

National league of Nursing Education

A part of historical development in health education wherein they observed the importance of health teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice.

American Nurses Association

A part of historical development in health education wherein they mentioned that patient teaching is a key element that includes functions, standards, and qualification for nursing practice.

International Council of Nurses

A part of historical development in health education that supported teaching as an essential element of nursing care delivery.

Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs)

This includes teaching within the scope of nursing practice responsibilities

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)

A part of historical development in health education that established nursing standards for patient education as early as 1993. These standards describe the type and level of care, treatment and services that must be provided by an agency to receive accreditation.

Patient’s Bill of Rights

A part of historical development in health education that was first developed in 1970s by American Hospital Association and has been adopted by hospitals nationwide.

Pew Health Professions Commission

A part of historical development in health education that published a broad set of competencies it believed would mark the success of the health professions.

Health Promotion

It is the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health.

Balance Health

It refers to the balance of physical, emotion, social, spiritual, and intellectual health.

Lifestyle Change

This includes enhance awareness, change in behavior, and creating environment that support good health practices.

Patient Education and Nursing Staff

This refers to the increase competence and confidence of clients for self-management, increase consumer satisfaction, improve quality of life, ensure continuity of care, decrease patient anxiety. It also includes effective reduction of complications of illness and incidence of disease and promote adherence to treatment plans.

Nursing Education

This refers to staff nurses to be exposed to up-to-date information with the ultimate goal of enhancing their practice.

Five Aspects of Health

This refers to the physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health.

Physical Health

Part of five aspects of health that refers to the activities or learning experiences that help promote the ability of the body to function effectively. It also relates to the body, and includes eating habits, exercise, medical self-care, and treatment of health problems.

Emotional Health

Part of five aspects of health that refers to the state of mind. Moreover, it involves an individual’s reaction to day-to-day stresses, sense of worth, and ability to relax and enjoy leisure.

Social Health

Part of five aspects of health that refers to ability to keep healthy interactions with friends, family, neighbors, or co-workers.

Spiritual Health

Part of five aspects of health that refers to the sense of purpose in life, the ability to give and receive love, and the ability to feel goodwill toward others.

Intellectual Health

Part of five aspects of health that refers to the result from the mental stimulation and development we get through our work, school, community service, hobbies or cultural pursuits.

Learning

It is defined as relatively permanent change in mental processing emotional functioning, skill, and behavior as a result of exposure to different experiences.

Unlearning

It is referred to the replacement of faulty learning and behavior with more accurate information and healthier behavior.

Learning Theory

It refers to the integrated constructs, concepts, and principles that describes, explain, or predict how people learn.

Behaviorist Learning Theory

The view learning as the product of the stimulus conditions and the responses that follow. It also closely observe responses to a situation and then manipulate the environment in some way to bring about the intended change.

Respondent Conditioning

It is also known as ***association***/***classical***/***Pavlovian conditioning.*** It emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process.

Systematic Desensitization

It is used by psychologist to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients. Fears of a certain stimulus can be learned and unlearned or extinguished.

Stimulus Generalization

It is the tendency of initial learning experience to be easily applied to other similar stimuli.

Discrimination Learning

It refers to the learning process that comes with varied experiences which results for individuals to learn how to differentiate among similar stimuli.

Spontaneous Recovery

A method used in relapse prevention programs.

Operant Conditioning

It focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response.

Positive Reinforcement

It is also known as **reward conditioning**. A pleasant stimulus is applied following an organism’s responses; greatly enhances the likelihood that responses will be repeated.

Negative Reinforcement

It is also known as **avoidance conditioning**. An aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism, which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event.

Punishment

It is used to decrease or extinguish probability of a response, decrease a specific behavior, and instill self-discipline.

Cognitive Learning Theory

It stresses the importance of what goes on inside the learner. It is also used in educating and counseling. The key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition which includes perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing.

Metacognition

It refers to an individual’s understanding of her way of learning. Being mentally active when processing information encourages its retention in long-term memory.

Gestalt Perspective

It emphasizes the importance of perception in learning. Directed towards simplicity, equilibrium, and regularity.

Law of Simplicity

It is a school of thoughts that believes all objects and scenes can be observed in their simplest forms.

Perception

Selective; individuals attend to certain features of an experience while ignoring other features. It highlights the importance of proper assessment.

Information Processing

It emphasizes thinking process; thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning.

Model of Memory Functioning

4 stages of information-processing


1. paying attention to stimuli
2. processing information
3. transforming and encoding information
4. action or response

Attention

It is the key to learning.

Short-term

Information is disregarded and forgotten.

Long-term

Information is enduring.

Jean Piaget

She focuses on qualitative changes in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as individuals grow and mature. Learning is developmental and sequential.

Lev Vygotsky

He emphasizes the significance of language, social interaction, adult guidance in learning process. he advocates on giving clear, well-designed instruction that is carefully structures to advance each person’s thinking and learning.

Social Constructivist Approach

Ethnicity, social class, gender, family life, life history, self concept, and the learning situation itself, all influence an individual’s perceptions, thoughts, emotions, interpretations, and responses to info and experiences.

Attribution Theory

It focuses on the cause-and-effect relationships and explanations that individuals formulate to account for their own and others’ behavior and the way in which the worlds operates.

Emotional Intelligence

It entails an individual managing his emotions, motivating himself, reading the emotions of others and working effectively in interpersonal relationships; more important than cognitive intelligence.

Self-Regulation

It includes learners monitoring their own cognitive processes, emotions, and surroundings to achieve goals. The ability to self-regulate has been found to be a key factor in learning and studying.

Social Learning Theory

Introduced by **Albert Bandura** which states that individuals do not need to have direct experiences to learn.

Role Modelling

Role models need to be enthusiastic, professionally organized, caring, self-confident, knowledgeable, skilled, and good communicators.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior.

Psychodynamic Learning Theory

Theory of motivation that stresses emotions rater than cognition or responses. It emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior.