Cumulative Final Exam A&P

Histology would best be defined as a study of _____________.

Histology would best be defined as a study of _____________.

Tissues

The study of a large body structure, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________________ anatomy.

Gross

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except _____________.

palms turned posteriorly

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?

Any sagittal plane except in the midline

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?

Intestines

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _______________.

A relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.

Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart.

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:
1. Molecules
2. Atoms
3. Tissues
4. Cells
5. Organs

2-1-4-3-5
(Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs)

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?

left upper quadrant

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?

Brian

Which of the following are survival needs of the body?

Nutrients, Water, Atmospheric Pressure, & Oxygen
(N,,O,W,A)

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

Frontal

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from physiological perspective. Select the one that comes form the anatomical perspective.

The innermost lining of the lungs are composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.

Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. Of the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions, which of the following necessary life functions will be accomplished?

Growth

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________.

Positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level

When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a _______________.

positive feedback

The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ______ to the vertebral cavity.

heart & lungs; anterior

The genetic info is coded in DNA by the _________.

sequence of nucleotides

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________________.

the release of energy

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

Ch4

What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?

Protein

What structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?

Secondary structure

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids:

DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases

Select the correct statement about isotopes.

Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but different in their mass number.

Which of the following is an example of a suspension?

Blood

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ___________.

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?

Colloid

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 to would have which of the following?

74 Protons

What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

There are 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, and 6 Oxygen atoms.

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) _______________ reaction.

Synthesis

Which if the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate?

Time

Sucrose is a _____________.

Disaccharide

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (natural fats)?

3:1

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass of 24 would have __________.

14 Neutrons

ATP to ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) _______________ reaction.

Decomposition

An acid with a pH of 6 has ___________ hydrogen ions than pure water.

10-fold more

Phospholipids make up most of the lipid bi layer of the cell membrane. Since water exits on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense?

Two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides.

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosomes for protein formation is _______________.

tRNA

A red blood cell placed in pure water would _______________.

Swell and burst

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, such as the lining of the intestinal tract, you would expect to find an abundance of _________ between the individual cells of the tissue.

Tight Junctions

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

The cells would lose water and shrink.

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

Molecular transport through the membrane

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

messenger RNA

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

UGCAA

Passive membrane transport processes include ___________.

Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient.

Peroxisomes _____________.

are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic reaction.

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?

Telophase

The main component of the cytosol is ________.

Water

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________________ mRNA codon.

UCG

The functions of centrioles include ______________.

Organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

Osmosis

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

Mitochondria

Order of the cavities (Headfirst)

Cranial Cavity, Vertebral Cavity, Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity.

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

Th major part of is makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber.

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________________.

Blood vessels and nerve fibers.

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclast

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

Compact bone

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

Parathyroid hormone

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is __________________.

Collagen

Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?

goblet cells

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Ossification of the ends of long ones ____________.

is produced by secondary ossification centers.

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

Corneum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

What is the first threat to human life from a massive third-degree burn?

Catastrophic fluid loss

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Meissner's corpuscles

Which tissue type arises form all three embryonic germ layer?

Epithelial tissue

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ___________________.

Endocrine

The epidermis consists of 5 layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

Stratum Basale

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?

Fibers are not normally visible.

Connective tissue matrix is compose of __________.

Fibers and ground substance

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline Cartilage

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

Communication

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasized?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?

Simple columnar

Which glands produce ear wax?

Ceruminous glands

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes _______________.

Accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming UV-blocking pigment layer

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the __________________.

Osteoblast

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

Macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)

Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.

Chondrocytes

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ____________.

Lines most of the respiratory tract

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ____________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, & vitamin C

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

The osteon

Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?

Simple squamous

The dermis has two major layer. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

The reticular layer

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.

Its primary function is nutrient storage

What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans?

Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the skin surface

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

Growth hormone

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

Cartilage

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of _____________.

Osteoblasts an osteoclasts

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ______________.

stratified-squamous

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrocytes front the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

By using the "Rule of Nines"

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

Overexposure to UV radiation

Osteogenesis is the process of _________.

Bone formation

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ___________.

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?

Osseous tissue

What makes up the axial skeleton?

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

The hyoid bone is unique because it ______________.

It does not articulate with any other bone