AP Euro Summer Work Terms

Angles & Saxons

Nomadic Germanic tribes that, during the Dark Ages, ruled Great Britain (Angleland) for only a little bit

Franks

Nomadic Germanic tribe that, during the Dark Ages, ruled northern and western Europe (France) for only a little bit

Holy Roman Empire

What Charlemagne ruled over that was only a collection of Germanic tribal states and “wasn’t very holy”

Feudalism

A social and economic organization based on a series of reciprocal relationships that hands down land and protection in exchange for military service and loyalty

Vassals

The lord who was a receiver of land for Feudalism from a king

Serfs

People who were bound to and worked the land of lords through Feudalism in exchange for military protection and some produce form the land

Scholasticism

A philosophy created by St. Thomas Aquinas that justified all (new) knowledge with Christian ideologies

“Seven Sacraments”

What the Church claimed people had to observe during life, or they wouldn’t get into heaven

What are the seven sacraments?

Baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, holy matrimony, holy orders, and extreme function or last rites

Excommunication

When an individual is cut off from the Church and can’t recieve the sacraments (“they can’t get into Heaven”)

Interdiction

When geographic areas are forbidden from receiving the sacraments in the district, and was a weapon against unjust rulers (whose subjects would be furious for being cut off from the Church)

The First Estate

Ordained officers of the Church claiming authority from God

The Second Estate

The nobility that owned land and had the right to bear arms, which made them warriors

The Third Estate

Everyone else, mostly peasants, with no base for power

Guild System

A system where merchants and craftsmen maintained control over their own professions that included master craftsmen, apprentices, and journeymen

Bourgeoisie

Town dwellers who formed the "middle class" (in the middle between the nobility and peasants) that had no place in the old system of estates

Renaissance

The rebirth of the human spirit that reflected in the art, architecture, the literature, music, and a new interest in learning and scientific discovery

Humanism

The new philosophy which was human-centered and emphasized human reason created during the Renaissance

Classical Era

A period of renewed interest in Greek and Roman art during the Renaissance

Humanists

Renaissance intellectuals who studied classical civilization and its texts since they focused on human dignity

Secular

Worldly rather than religious

Individualism

The focus on personal, rather than religious or political interests

Petrarch

“The Father of Humanism” who found the forgotten Latin manuscripts (Letters to Atticus), who wrote in the Italian vernacular of his religion, and who discovered new methods of analyzing texts to prove their legitimacy

Vernacular

The everyday language of a region

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

An Italian Renaissance humanist who blended opposite philosophical views, and Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man to describe man’s relationship with God

Leonardo Bruni

An italian Renaissance humanist who translated Greek and Latin works and wrote biographies of poets from the 1300s

Civic humanism

How people govern themselves in a humanistic way, such as the eloquent leadership of Cicero

Baldassare Castiglione

An italian Renaissance humanist who wrote The Book of the Courtier to express a courtier should be like a knight with added skills, supported women’s education and patronship for female courtiers, and wanted female courtiers to tend to their husbands

Niccolo Machiavelli

An Italian Renaissance diplomat for the Republic of Florence, wrote The Prince to give advice to rulers to keep their civilization protected, wrote The Discourses, and left behind the term Machiavellian to mean ruthless and crafty

Geometric perspective

A painting technique that uses mathematics to help create the appearance of space and distance in 2D paintings

Filippo Brunelleschi

An Italian Renaissance architect who rebuilt the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence that reflects Roman architecture, but has a humanistic theme

Donatello

An italian Renaissance artist who was a marble/bronze sculptor, sculpted panels that gave a deep allusion, and created more expressive sculptures than those in the Middle Ages

Leonardo da Vinci

An italian Renaissance artist who conducted experiments on human bodies to make accurate art, and painted the the Mona Lisa painting and fresco the Last Supper (demonstrates geometric perspective)

True or False: The Mona Lisa wasn’t a fresco.

True

Michaelangelo

An italian Renaissance artist who created the marble statue David, painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, portrayed the Book of Genesis, and helped rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica

Raphael

An italian Renaissance artist who painted a lot of the Virgin Mary, painted the School of Athens fresco that includes subjects Aristotle and Plato, and used geometric perspective on that fresco to represent balance

Northern Renaissance

A period when Renaissance art spread to regions of the north Alps in the late 15th century

Albrecht Dürer

Northern Renaissance German master who exchanged works with Raphael, and created prints and woodcuts

Jan van Eyck

Northern Renaissance artist who was one of the first to excel at oil painting, and portrayed true and boring life

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Northern Renaissance artist who was Flemish, painted scenes from the Bible and painted peasants, and who travelled to Italy to learn about Raphael’s artistic techniques

Rembrandt

A Baroque Northern Renaissance artist, painted The Night Watch, and used light and shadows to create realism

Christian humanists

Humanists who tried to change the Church from being materialistic and about religious art rather than actual theology

Desiderius Erasmus

A Northern Renaissance humanist who wrote Praise of Folly to comment on the money-driven ideas of the Church, and he agreed with Martin Luther sometimes but thought he was too harsh

Thomas More

A Northern Renaissance humanist who was a close friend of Erasmus, was a member of Parliament, was Henry VIII’s supervisor, wrote Utopia, supported women’s education, and supported the abolition of private property

Moveable type

A metal piece in the early printing press that helped to stamp letters onto a page to create lines of type

Johannes Gutenberg

Developed the printing press based on the moveable type and created the Gutenberg Bible, one of the first book made from the fixed moveable type

Printing press

Created by Johannes Gutenberg that was a hand-operated wooden press using the moveable type that made making books quicker and easier

Gutenberg Bible

One of the first known books created using moveable type

Vernacular literature

Literature made in the everyday language of a region that the printing press made

Martin Luther

A German monk who started the protestant Reformation because of the printing press, which called for reform that people should be able to interpret the Bible without the aid of priests