Final Exam Study Guide 1350

label these 3

AR

x4 what are these

label these 6 including where the pressure is being measured

What disease is the biggest contributor to mitral valve stenosis

rheumatic fever

what is occurring here

Mitral Stenosis

What is being observed a systolic or diastolic gradient

A diastolic gradient is being observed due to the pressure difference between the left atrium and left ventricle during diastole.

Regurgitant contrast that clears with every beat and never opacifies the entire LA

what grade of severity is this

1+ Mild

what is occurring in this image

Balloon mitral valvuloplasty

Regurgitant contrast faintly opacifies the LA after several beats but the opacification never equals that of the LV

what grade of severity is this

2+ Moderate

Regurgitant contrast completely opacifies the LA after several beats and the density of the opacification equals that of the LV.

This indicates 3+ Severe regurgitation.

regurgitant contrast opacifies the entire LA after a single beat, with the opacification becoming denser with subsequent bears. Additionally contrast can be seen opacifying the LAAA and PV.

what grade or severity would this be considered.

4+ Very Severe

hypogastric as also known as

internal iliac artery, supplying pelvic organs.

What are the main focuses for Aortic Valve Disease?

Anatomy, Stenosis/Regurgitation, Hemodynamics, Signs & Symptoms, Treatment options.

List the conditions associated with Structural Heart Disease. (4)

ASD, PFO, PDA, LAA.

What echo imaging views are important in cardiovascular studies? (3)

Apical 4 chamber, Parasternal short axis, Parasternal long axis.

How do PAD and PVD differ?

PAD refers to Peripheral Arterial Disease, while PVD refers to Peripheral Vascular Disease.

What is the purpose of ABI testing?

To assess peripheral artery disease by comparing blood pressures in the arms and legs.

What does cine imaging differ from DSA imaging?

Cine imaging provides continuous visual frames, while DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography) uses digital imaging to visualize blood vessels.

What does Carotid PTI refer to?

Percutaneous Transluminal Interventional procedures for the carotid arteries.

What is ‘Regurgitation’ in the context of heart valves?

Backflow of blood due to improper closure of the valve.

List two imaging methods used in vascular studies.

Cine imaging and DSA imaging.

What is the purpose of distal arterial pulse assessment?

To evaluate blood flow and detect blockages in peripheral arteries.

Identify a characteristic symptom of Peripheral Vascular Disease.

Intermittent claudication or pain in the legs during exercise.

Explain the term LAA in cardiac context. what can it lead to

Left Atrial Appendage, a pouch in the heart that can lead to clot formation.

Define the acronym ABI test what does it test

Ankle-Brachial Index, a test comparing blood pressure in the ankle and arm.

cine imaging captures *** ****moving images of the heart and blood vessels.

Real-time moving images of the heart and blood vessels.

List one advantage of using DSA imaging.

Provides clearer images of blood vessels by removing background structures.

What is the primary risk associated with AAA?

Rupture of the aneurysm, leading to potentially fatal hemorrhage.

What are the symptoms associated with stenosis of the aortic valve?

Dizziness, fainting, angina, and heart failure symptoms.

Identify a complication associated with mitral valve regurgitation. (2)

Heart failure or pulmonary hypertension due to volume overload.

**** pulse pressures and ***** murmur (heart sound) are common signs in a patient with aortic regurgitation? (2)

Widened pulse pressure and diastolic murmur upon examination.

What does PTI stand for in the cath lab

Percutaneous Transluminal Intervention

What does left atrial appendage (LAA) assessment focus on?

Risk of thrombus formation and potential stroke from thrombus

Ao stenosis waveform

Bypass grafting order

1

2

3

4

OM

DIAG

LAD

RCAA surgical procedure that creates an alternative route for blood flow around blocked arteries, specifically using the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) for the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and saphenous veins for the right coronary artery (RCA).

What condition creates an equalization of pressures

cardiac tamponade

CRANIAL views are best for the

LAD A

CAUDAL VIEWS ARE BEST FOR THE

circumflex U

what is included in a radial access cocktail

verapamil

nitro

heparin

which antiplatelet agent has the quickest platelet recovery time

cangrelor

What is the most common ASD

Ostial Secundum

In pulses alternans the arterial pressure waveform show the heart is ******

every other beat pressure is reduced

1. adventitia

2. media

3. intima (plaque)

4. lumen

what is happening in this image

is iFR or FFR with medication

FFR is used with medication

one sided occlusion

Eccentric

completely surrounded or encapsulating lumen

concentric

red?

necrotic core

white

calcium

what is this

oct stent

behind ankle medial is what pulse

medial malleolus

which of the following is not a symptom of severe mitral stenosis

angina

JVD

fatigue

SOB

JVD

what is the most common cause of mitral stenosis

rheumatic fever

what gradient can be observed in severe aortic stenosis

SYSTOLIC LV/AO gradient

what imaging modality is considered the gold standard for diagnosing mitral regurgitation

endocardiography

echocardiography

in mitral stenosis a ****** gradient is observed between

diastolic gradient

LV and LA

the main hemodynamic consequences of severe MR is

increased preload

and decreased afterload, leading to volume overload of the left atrium and ventricle.

rapid upstroke and downstroke in aortic pressure waveform

indicates aortic regurgitation

MS

WHAT PROCEDURE IS HAPPENING

MITRAL VALVULOPLASTY

Large v waves in the left atrial pressure waveforms indicate what valve issue

MR

what are the white labels

RV

LA

LV

LVOT

AO

What is this view

parasternal long axis of the heart

what is normal aortic valve area

3.0-4.0 cm²

is 3.5 cm² a normal valve area?

yes

What is a normal MVA?

4.0 cm²

to treat mitral stenosis the **** balloon must go *****

Inoue balloon must go transseptal

an INOUE balloon is used to treat what

mitral valve stenosis

paravalvular leak occurs between implanted valve and surrounding aortic tissue

paravalvular

TAVR valvular leak where the leak occurs within the cage or scaffold of the implant but above the implanted valve tissue

supravalvular leak

What view is this

label red

label red

label red

In the radial cocktail how much verapamil is used

verapemil 2.5 - 5mg

in radial cocktail how much nitro and heprin is given

nitro 100 - 200 mcg

heparin 40 u/kg

what are the two universal access catheters

choose two

tiger

jl4

kimmy

EBU

kimmy

tiger

which of the following is a direct thrombin inhibtor

aspirin

biviliruden

coumadin

eptifibitide

bivilirudiin

what two meds comprise dapt

aspirin and clopidogrel (plavix)

CLOPIDEGROL (Plavix) loading and maintenance dose

loading 300 - 600

m. 75 mg

brilinta (Angiomax) loading and maintenance

180 loading

90 mg maintenance dose.

PRASUGRAL (Effiant) loading and maintenance

l 60 mg

m 10 mg

aspirin loading and maintenance

L 325 mg

M 81 mg

When performing a thermodilution cardiac output, 10 cc of injectate enters into the ___, and the temperature change is measured in the ___.

RA

PA

Afterload is most impacted by ________?

SVR

Place the grafts in the correct order as they would appear on the Aorta in a patient with 4 X CABG (quadruple bypass).

OM

DIAG

LAD

RCA

unless you have a 4 vessel bypass and you stick LAD between OM and DIAG (double check this to be sure)

excluding the 3rd degree heartblock which one is likely to become lethal

2nd degree type 2